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The three general sections of the ear are the outer (focusing), middle (converting) and inner ear (translating vibrations into nerve impulses).

The Outer Ear

This consists of the Pinna - the external bit you see, and the ear canal which terminates at the Ear Drum, a thin membrane. Also called the tympanic membrane.

The Middle ear

The middle ear contains three small bones, the smallest in the human body, Hammer (Malleus); Anvil (Incus); and the Stirrup (Stapedius).

The Hammer and the incus are connected together in such a way that the efficiency of the sound transmission path may be varied depending on their relative position. You can hear over a range of about 120dB (decibels) and this is a range of 1012 to 1. *

In addition as an accessory, here are located your balance organs.

The middle ear connects to your mouth via theEustachian Tube, and this is responsible for balancing the air pressure across the Ear Drum. This is the one that causes trouble sometimes when in an airplane, or when you have a cold.

The Inner Ear

The inner ear is connected by the tiny Oval window to the Stirrup. The inner ear is called the Cochlea, as it resembles a snail shell curled up and is fluid filled. If it were straightened, it would be found to have a dividing membrane down the length of it, and on one side of it are thousands of hair cells, each group of which respond to sounds of different frequencies. Connecting to this fluid filled volume is also the round window, which helps balance out the pressure.

The tiny hair cells are connected to the auditory nerve which goes to the brain, and when the hair cell is moved, its base creates an electrical signal which our brain interprets as sound, each of several thousand frequencies with its own amplitude.

By comparison, if humans were able to judge weight over a similar range, they could distinguish any weight from one milligram right up to 1000 tonnes!

One of the distinguishing characteristics of mammals is three middle ear bones, and one movable jaw bone. Reptiles have a two-part jaw bone, and only two middle ear bones.

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Elyse Daniel

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3y ago

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