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Check your gas cap. The check engine light may come on if the gas cap isn't on tight enough. As for whether a car can pass inspection in Maine this way, I do not know.
In NJ your car will fail inspection if the light is on. In fact, your car will fail inspection up to 200 miles after you have the car serviced due to a problem that resulted in the service engine light being on. I had the service engine light on because of a faulty gas cap. I had the car serviced and then a day later took it to inspection. The car failed because the computer had not reset itself. I was told to come back after driving the car 200 miles because it often takes that long for the computer to show that everything is working fine.
If one is referring to a situation in which a vehicle does not pass a smog inspection, there might be several causes. One might be the catalytic converter or an old gas cap.
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It can. The leaking gas cap is preventing the fuel tank to establish the proper positive pressure levels that the emission systems rely upon to operate correctly. A leaking gas cap will also cause the vehicle to fail its emissions tests. The leaking cap is also putting excess vapors into the environment. Replace that cap ... they are not that expensive.
Using an incorrect fuel cap may illuminate the check engine light giving you a code for an EVAP leak and you will fail an emissions test.
No, the emission system & output are the primary concern. Check engine light has to be off and gas tank has to be airtight with cap on.
On some vehicle it does as it is supposed to be vented through a canister and not the cap for emissions reasons. Another reason you fail a smog test if check engine light is on.
find and remove gas cap, fill with gas and replace gas cap.
Gas Cap is not on tight, or the seal leaks and you need to replace the cap.
The gas cap light will go out automatically after you tighten, or replace the gas cap.
Nothing catstrophic. Some of your fuel will evaporate instead of being used.