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caliber and maker's name
Unknown.
Usually caliber and/or serial numbers.
It should be stamped on the barrel It should be stamped on the barrel
Blue Book of Gun Values, old gun catalogs
A rifle.
There's a date code stamped on the barrel. See related links for information on the Remington Society of America.
Made in Belgium.
The minimum legal barrel length for a rifle without requiring it to be tax stamped and registered as a Short Barreled Rifle is 16 inches - that's federal law, and not just Vermont.
The barrel should be stamped 30-30 winchester.
October 1947.
Can't be determined from the markings you list.