an astrolobe
The instrument you are thinking of is the sextant and it was independently invented by two men at around the same time, John Hadley and Thomas Godfrey.
Astrolabe
Stars are observed by means of telescopes, which can have various photographic, spectroscopic, and image enhancement attachments.
Astrolabe or Sextant
An Astrolabe.
The sextant and the clock.
These days, an instrument called a "Sextant". Before Columbus, an "Astrolabe".
...Is called a sextant, invented 1757.
Astronomers use a variety of instruments to measure the distance of stars, including parallax, spectroscopy, and cepheid variable stars. The parallax method involves measuring the slight shift in position of a star when viewed from different locations in Earth's orbit. Spectroscopy analyzes the light emitted by stars to determine their composition and distance. Cepheid variables are stars that pulsate in a regular cycle, allowing astronomers to calculate their distance based on their brightness.
This instrument is a balance.
An instrument that measures heat and cold is called a thermometer.
A calorimeter measures heat. In contrast, a thermometer measures temperature.A thermometer bolometer - an instrument that measures heat radiation; extremely sensitive calorimeter - a measuring instrument that determines quantities of heatHeat is measured with a ThermometerThermometerThermometer or calorimeterThermometerthermometerHeat is measured with a thermometer.
Astral navigation. By using a sextant (instrument used to measure the altitude of a celestial object) a clock and logarithms you can work out your position on the earth's surface hence 'sailing by the stars'
An anemometer is the instrument that measures wind direction using a wind vane.