Stars are observed by means of telescopes, which can have various photographic, spectroscopic, and image enhancement attachments.
Depends what you mean by instrument but I guess the sun, mmon and stars are pretty good indicators to use.
Astrolabe or Sextant
an astrolobeThe instrument you are thinking of is the sextant and it was independently invented by two men at around the same time, John Hadley and Thomas Godfrey.Astrolabe
This instrument is a balance.
A tiltmeter measures changes in the tilt of the earth. :)A tiltmeter is an instrument that measures changes in the tilt of the earth. :)
A calorimeter measures heat. In contrast, a thermometer measures temperature.A thermometer bolometer - an instrument that measures heat radiation; extremely sensitive calorimeter - a measuring instrument that determines quantities of heatHeat is measured with a ThermometerThermometerThermometer or calorimeterThermometerthermometerHeat is measured with a thermometer.
A thermometer measures molecular energy.
a calender
ruler
An aeroplane
spirometer
grams