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What is Malonic acids role with respect to succinate dehydrogenase?
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∙ 9y ago
Malonic acid is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase.
Zackery Schumm
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In the Briggs Rauscher reaction can the Malonic acid be replaced by Oxalic acid?
Yes, Malonic acid can be replaced by Oxalic acid in the Briggs-Rauscher reaction. Both Malonic and Oxalic acids are dicarboxylic acids that can serve as the source of the acidic hydrogen in the reaction. The choice of acid can affect the kinetics and oscillatory behavior of the reaction.
What carboxylic acid would decarboxylate by heating?
A classic example of a carboxylic acid decarboxylation occurs in the malonic ester synthesis. The malonic ester synthesis is a chemical reaction where diethyl malonate or another ester of malonic acid is alkylated at the carbon alpha (directly adjacent) to both carbonyl groups, and then converted to a substituted acetic acid. Malonic acid is another example of an acid that will decarboxylate when heated (not sure at what temperature this happens, though)The structure of malonic acid is HOOC-CH2-COOH.
Reactivity and synthetic applications of malonic ester?
Malonic ester is commonly used in organic synthesis as a source of nucleophilic carbon atoms due to its ability to undergo decarboxylation. This makes it a versatile reagent for the synthesis of various compounds such as barbiturates, amino acids, and malonic acid derivatives. Additionally, malonic ester can undergo condensation reactions to form β-ketoesters, which are important intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and natural products.
Is the apple a acid or a base?
An apple is slightly acidic, with a pH ranging from 3 to 4. This acidity level can vary depending on the type of apple and its ripeness.
What is stobbe reaction?
The Stobbe condensation is a method used in organic chemistry to prepare α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids from the condensation of an α-bromoester with a dialkyl malonate. This reaction proceeds through the formation of a β-keto ester intermediate, which then undergoes decarboxylation to yield the desired product.
What is the difference between malonic ester synthesis and acetoacetic ester synthesis?
The Malonic Ester Synthesis begins with the dimethyl ester of a malonic acid (a beta-carboxy ester). This reaction is used to make substituted CARBOXYLIC ACIDS.1. You start with malonic ester (a beta-carboxy ester) and alkylate it with an alkyl halide. This step is what attaches the alkyl group from the alkyl halide to the malonic ester at the position beta to both carbonyls.2. You then add water and strong base to hydrolyze the ester groups at the ends into carboxylic acid groups, giving you malonic acid (a beta-diacid). It looks like the product from the first step, only there are carboxylic acids in place of the esters at both ends.3. Upon gentle heating, a CO2 leaves giving the enol. The enol tautomerizes, meaning it introconverts into its isomer, the carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid contains that R group that we attached during step 1.The Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis has a different starting material, but follows the same Akylation-Hydrolysis-Decarboxylation steps! It is used to make asymmetrical, substituted KETONES.1. You start with acetoacetate (a beta-keto ester) and alkylate it with an alkyl halide. This step is what attaches the alkyl group from the alkyl halide to acetoacetate at the position beta to both carbonyls.2. You then add water and strong base to hydrolyze the ester group into a carboxylic acid, giving you a beta-keto acid. It looks like the product from the first step, only there's a carboxylic acid in place of the ester at the end.3. Upon gentle heating, a CO2 leaves giving the enol. The enol tautomerizes, meaning it introconverts into its isomer, the ketone. The ketone is unsymmetrical due to that R group that we attached during step 1.
Describe the process in krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur within the mitochondria of cells. The cycle involves the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce ATP, the primary energy source for cells. The process can be divided into the following steps: Acetyl-CoA Formation: The cycle starts with the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate, which is generated during glycolysis or from fatty acids. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, and results in the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the formation of NADH. Citrate Formation: Acetyl-CoA then combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is catalyzed by the enzyme citrate synthase. This reaction also releases CoA. Isocitrate Formation: Citrate is then converted into isocitrate by the enzyme aconitase. This reaction involves the removal of one water molecule and the addition of another. α-Ketoglutarate Formation: Isocitrate is then oxidized by isocitrate dehydrogenase, releasing CO2 and producing NADH. This reaction also forms α-ketoglutarate. Succinyl-CoA Formation: α-Ketoglutarate is then converted into succinyl-CoA by the enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. This reaction also releases CO2 and produces NADH. Succinate Formation: Succinyl-CoA is then converted into succinate by the enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase. This reaction produces ATP. Fumarate Formation: Succinate is then oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase, releasing FADH2 and producing fumarate. Malate Formation: Fumarate is then converted into malate by the enzyme fumarase. Oxaloacetate Formation: Malate is then oxidized by malate dehydrogenase, releasing NADH and producing oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate can then be used to begin the cycle again. Overall, the Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 CO2 molecules for every molecule of glucose that enters the cycle. These products are then used in the electron transport chain to produce more ATP, which can be used for cellular energy.
What are producing more ATP in between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
In saturated fatty acid oxidation, the first step is a dehydrogenase reaction. This yields a trans double bond on carbons 2 and 3 from the CoA end. A product of the reaction is FADH2 which can be used to make ATP. In oxidation of an unsaturated fatty acid, the double bond is not recognized by the dehydrogenase reaction therefore you have to use a secondary isomeration reaction to produce the same product as you did in saturated fatty acid oxidation. This skips the effective "first step" and does not produce FADH2 meaning less ATP is produce.
What is anaploretic?
It means "Filling up"... If we are talking about the TCA cycle, which I am assuming we are. A set of reactions, one of which is the glyoxylate cycle supports the TCA cycle with intermediates that are used in making other molecules, therefore filling in the intermediate that were used in other reactions. For example, Citrate is used to make Fatty Acids and Cholesterol. When citrate is pulled from the TCA cycle to make these molecules fewer citrate molecules will go through the TCA cycle making less succinate and there for less oxaloacetate. The glyoxylate cycle makes up for this deficit by making succinate, fumarate, and malate which will proceed to complete the TCA cycle.
What color litmus paper is used to test acids?
Litmus paper.
What makes up cerebrospinal fluid?
The chemical composition of spinal fluid is calcium, creatinine, glucose, lactic acid dehydrogenase, magnesium, potassium, protein,sodium and uric acid.This fluid acts as a buffer solution inside the spinal cord.
What type of organic molecule that are acids?
Fatty acids , amino acids , acids in Kreb's cycle .
