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Yes, it is. That is why it is called "a dependent clause." It is dependent upon the independent clause.
Yes, "because I said so" is a dependent clause. By itself it is a fragment.
sentence fragment
clause because it simply has a subject and predicate
With your eyes. <<--That's a fragment. At minimum, a sentence must contain a subject and predicate (I am, we are). lacking these, the sentence is a fragment, a clause.
That's correct. An independent clause is a group of words that can stand alone as a sentence because it expresses a complete thought. When it is missing a subordinate clause or other elements necessary for a complete sentence, it becomes a sentence fragment.
It is a subordinate clause.
To fix a sentence fragment that is a subordinate clause, you can either combine it with an independent clause or rephrase it to form a complete sentence. Adding an independent clause will make it a dependent clause, allowing it to function as part of a complete sentence. Alternatively, you can revise the subordinate clause into an independent clause by providing any missing subject or verb it may have.
The independent clause (the part that can stand by itself) is "he will not pass the course". The dependent clause (the sentence fragment) is "if he does not turn in his paper".
"When you visited the museum last week" is a dependent clause, so it is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought on its own and needs to be connected to an independent clause to form a complete sentence.
A sentence will have both a subject and a predicate (or one that is understood, for imperatives, e.g. "Stop!" = You must stop! / You should stop!) A sentence fragment will be missing either a subject or a predicate, or may be a dependent clause without an independent clause. Sentence: John has a dog that likes to play. Fragment: Has a dog that likes to play (no subject) Fragment: A dog that likes to play (no predicate for dog) Fragment: That likes to play (no independent clause) Sometimes fragments are acceptable in literary forms, e.g. where used for effect. "The killer had struck again! In broad daylight. And gotten away." (the phrase and clause are fragments that should have been part of the sentence)