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There are many variables that affect the ratings of electrical circuits but in general:

If you are asking about residential branch circuit ratings, they are listed in amps and protected by a fuse or breaker. For example, a typical residential lighting circuit is usually a 15 amp / 120 volt circuit. It will be protected by a 15 amp overcurrent device (breaker or fuse) and all components of the circuit (wire etc) must be rated for at least 15 amps.

Common residential circuit ratings:

15 amp / 120 volt - lighting and receptacles

20 amp / 120 volt - bathroom, kitchen, dining room, workshop etc. receptacles

30 amp / 240 volt - electric dryer, electric water heater

40 or 50 amp / 240 volt - electric stove

For minimum conductor (wire) sizing, the National Electric Code recognizes many variables that affect the ampacity (number of amps) a wire can safely carry. But in most residential circuits the following copper conductors are used:

15 amp - #14 American Wire Gauge (AWG)

20 amp - #12 AWG

30 amp - #10 AWG

40 amp - #8 AWG

50 amp - #6 AWG

Aluminum is typically not used in the smaller sizes, though you may find #6 AWG used for larger (40 amp) loads

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