A disk of gas ad dust that forms round a proto-star as the star coalesces at the center and from which planets accurate.
The related links below give more information.
it is exactly protoplanetary disk.
By "accretion" of "planetesimals" from the "protoplanetary disk".
Youtube.com/hearthemeow
Accretion because usually they form from a protoplanetary accretion disk.
A protoplanetary disk.
As best we know, the same way all the other planets did: accretion of objects in a protoplanetary disk.
Yes. As a new star is forming it is surrounded by a disk of gas and dust called a protoplanetary disk. Planets, asteroids, and comets all form from this disk.
Far enough from the new Sun that they did not "evaporate". In other words, towards the outer rim of the main part of the disk.
Jupiter is the biggest simply because it got the most stuff out of the "protoplanetary" disk from which the planets formed.
The moon is a natural satellite that revolves around the earth. It is believed that the moon formed out of a collapsing region of the protoplanetary disk.
Natural satellites are believed to be formed from the same collapsed part of the protoplanetary disk that created its related, primary planet.
That depends what the disk is forming round. If it is a large black hole it will form a quasar, if it is round a star, it will form planets (a solar system).