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This occurs when dead pancreatic tissue, blood, white blood cells, enzymes, and fluid that has leaked from the circulatory system accumulates.
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Diff between pancreatic fluid collection and pancreatic pseudocyst?
Pancreatic pseudocyst is a type of pancreatic fluid collection. There are many different types of pancreatic fluid collections: simple pancreatic cyst (congenital), Walled off Pancreatic Necrosis ( WOPN ), acute pseudocyst, chronic pseudocyst, pancreatic abscess, and cystic neoplasms, for example.
How does Pancreatic ascites develop?
Pancreatic ascites develops when a cyst that has thick, fibrous walls (pseudocyst) bursts and permits pancreatic juices to enter the abdominal cavity
Pancreatic pseudocyst?
DefinitionA pancreatic pseudocyst is a fluid-filled sac in the abdomen, which may also contain tissue from the pancreas, pancreatic enzymes, and blood.Causes, incidence, and risk factorsThe pancreas is an organ located behind the stomach that produces chemicals (called enzymes) needed to digest food. It also produces the hormones insulin and glucagon.Pancreatic pseudocysts most often develop after an episode of severe, acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is sudden swelling (inflammation) of the pancreas.It may also occur after trauma to the abdomen, more often in children.The cyst happens when the ducts (tubes) in the pancreas are damaged by the inflammation or swelling that occurs during pancreatitis.A pancreatic pseudocyst may also occur after trauma to the abdomen, and in someone with chronic pancreatitis.SymptomsSymptoms can occur within days to months after an attack of pancreatitis, and include:Bloating of the abdomenConstant pain or deep ache in the abdomen, which may also be felt in the backDifficulty eating and digesting foodSigns and testsThe health care provider may palpate your abdomen to feel for a pseudocyst, which feels like a mass in the middle or left upper abdomen.Tests that may help diagnose pancreatic pseudocyst include:Abdominal CT scanAbdominal MRIAbdominal ultrasoundTreatmentTreatment depends on the size of the pseudocyst and whether it is causing symptoms. Many pseudocysts go away on their own. Those that remain for more than 6 weeks and are larger than 5 cm in diameter often need surgery.Surgical treatments include:Drainage through the skin (percutaneous) using a needle, usually guided by a CT scanEndoscopic-assisted drainage using an endoscope (a tube containing a camera and a light that is passed down into the stomach)Surgical drainage of the pseudocyst, which involves making a connection between the cyst and the stomach or small intestine. This may be done using a laparoscope.Expectations (prognosis)The outcome is generally good with treatment.ComplicationsA pancreatic abscess can develop if the pseudocyst becomes infectedThe pseudocyst can break open (rupture), which can be a serious complication because shock and excess bleeding (hemorrhage) may developThe pseudocyst may press down on (compress) nearby organsCalling your health care providerRupture of the pseudocyst is an emergency situation. Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you develop symptoms of bleeding or shock, such as:FaintingFever and chillsRapid heartbeatSevere abdominal painPreventionThe way to prevent pancreatic pseudocysts is is by preventing pancreatitis. If pancreatitis is caused by gallstones, it is usually necessary to remove the gallbladder with surgery (cholecystectomy). When pancreatitis occurs due to alcohol abuse, the patient must stop drinking alcohol to prevent future attacks.ReferencesOwyang C. Pancreatitis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds.Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 147.
What happens if pseudocysts are ruptured?
Pseudocysts are life-threatening when they become infected (abscess) and rupture. Simple rupture of a pseudocyst causes death 14% of the time. Rupture complicated by bleeding causes death 60% of the time.
What can x-rays show in the diagnosis of pancreatitis?
Computed tomography scans (CT scans) of the abdomen may reveal the inflammation and fluid accumulation of pancreatitis, and may also be useful when complications like an abscess or a pseudocyst are suspected.
What happens when spinal fluid pools in stomach?
When spinal fluid pools in the stomach, it typically indicates a serious medical condition, such as a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak or a condition like pseudocyst formation. This can lead to increased pressure in the abdominal cavity, potentially causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and digestive issues. Immediate medical evaluation is necessary, as it may require intervention to resolve the underlying cause and prevent further complications.
Pancreatic abscess?
DefinitionA pancreatic abscess is a cavity of pus within the pancreas.Causes, incidence, and risk factorsPancreatic abscesses develop in patients with pancreatic pseudocysts that become infected.SymptomsAbdominal massAbdominal painChillsFeverInability to eatNausea and vomitingSigns and testsPatients with pancreatic abscesses usually have had pancreatitis. However, the complication often takes 7 or more days to develop.Symptoms usually include:Abdominal painFeverSigns of an abscess can be seen on:CT scanMRI of the abdomenUltrasoundTreatmentIt may be possible to drain the abscess through the skin (percutaneous). Surgery to drain the abscess and remove dead tissue is often needed.Expectations (prognosis)How the person does depends on how severe the infection is. The death rate from undrained pancreatic abscesses is very high.ComplicationsMultiple abscessesSepsisCalling your health care providerCall your health care provider if you have persistent abdominal pain with fever or other signs of a pancreatic abscess, particularly if you have recently had a pancreatic pseudocyst or pancreatitis.PreventionAdequate drainage of a pancreatic pseudocyst may help prevent some cases of pancreatic abscess. However, in many cases the disorder is not preventable.ReferencesOwyang C. Pancreatitis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds.Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 147.
Can you drink alcohol with a spleen contusion?
Alcohol in and by itself cant. However check out some secondary causes of alcohol abuse, IF you are a persistent heavy drinker(binge drinking especially), you are at risk of developing calicifications in your pancreas. This reduces the proper function of your pancreas over time and can produces what are called pseudocysts. This can be the culprit that will cause you to possibly bleed to death because depending on where the pseudocyst is, it can burst your spleen. I say this because it is exactly what happened to me. I was lucky I was sober at the time it burst at 1:30 in the morning , that way I could feel the emense pain of the rupture and feel the incredible instant nausea and blood vomiting, that I did not aspirate into my lungs.
CBRNE Radiation Nuclear Answers?
1 Which of the following cell types are most sensitive to radiation damage? ANS: Cells that are actively dividing 2 What type of ionizing radiation is the least penetrating? ANS: alpha 3 Long after wound healing and encapsulating pseudocyst formation, a patient learns that his shrapnel contains Depleted Uranium (DU). Of the treatments listed below, which is the best? ANS: The pseudocyst and shrapnel should be removed intact 4 Use the drop down menus to place the phases of Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) in order. ANS: prodromal latent manifest 5 What blood test is available that will give an accurate estimate of radiation dose? ANS: Lymphocyte cytogenetics 6 Military personnel were one kilometer from a nuclear blast 2 hours ago. They are now in a safe area, but along with wounds received from conventional weapons, many are suffering from nausea and intestinal cramps. Several of the patients have Electronic Personal Dosimeters (EPDs) attached to their equipment, and it is noted that the average reading is 400 RAD or cGy (4 Gray). What is the most probable Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) subsyndrome and phase? ANS: ARS, Hematopoietic Subsyndrome, Prodromal Phase 7 Approximately 5 hours ago, a tank commander was partially exposed in an open turret when a tactical nuclear device was detonated nearby. He has serious flash burns, with blistering on his neck and cheeks, nose, and chin ---all other skin areas were covered by helmet, goggles, gloves, and uniform jacket. He has no other visible wounds and although disoriented and agitated, for the most part, he has been responsive to the medical personnel who are tending to the burns. During the treatment, the patient begins convulsing. His speech becomes incoherent and he begins experiencing violent bouts of watery diarrhea. Evaluate this patient and make a triage decision. ANS: ? 8 Patients with concurrent surgical injuries and radiation exposure should either be operated on expeditiously or ___________________. ANS: ? 9 What does the number of neutrons determine? ANS: The isotope of the element 10 When a wounded victim presents with possible Depleted Uranium (DU) contamination, which one of the following should receive higher patient care priority? ANS: Gross decontamination and immediate treatment of wound 11 The following casualties have been delivered to your medical first-echelon medical facility. Not all are from the same unit, however there is reason to suspect that much of the current combat involves raids on enemy WMD storage sites, with the possibility of at least one small detonation having taken place: Victim #1 is conscious and has deep lacerations and probable broken ribs. Victim #2 has multiple gunshot wounds and is bleeding through several layers of compress bandages. Victim #3 is unconscious and has a tourniquet applied to her leg. Blistered burns cover her hands. Victim #4 has a large contusion on his head and is unconscious. Which of the below courses of action is most appropriate for the situation? ANS: Treat all life-threatening injuries first 12 Lymphocyte counts correlate with the absorbed dose of radiation. Which of the following statements is correct concerning dose estimates? ANS: The more rapid the decrease in lymphocytes, the higher the expected dose. 13 Select the patient(s) least likely to suffer additional deleterious effects from radiation sickness. (wrong Patients wounded/injured in the middle of the clinical (manifest) phase ANS: minor wounds 14 What tablets are given to workers and residents near a nuclear power plant in the event of an accident involving radionuclides? ANS: Potassium iodide 15 What is the process by which an atom changes from an unstable state to a more stable state by emitting radiation called? ANS: Radioactive decay 16 Use the drop down menu to match each radiological injury with the recommended course of treatment. Injury: A. Whole-body radiation exposure, mild nausea and vomiting, now asymptomatic Supportive care prn, follow for signs of neutropenia and infection B. Conventional wound with radioactive contaminants Employ wound debridement, dressings, and antibiotics prn C. Gastrointestinal subsyndrome ANS: Supportive care with antiemetics, antibiotics, and cytokine treatment prn: rigorous infection control procedures 17 Which one of the following is NOT classified as initial care of medical casualties with moderate and severe radiation exposure? ANS: Requires bone marrow transplant therapy 18 The Depleted Uranium (DU) load in a patient is measured by the uranium level in what? ANS: Urine 19 Which one of the following best describes gamma rays? ANS: smallest wavelengths and the most energy of any other wave in the electromagnetic spectrum 20 Parameters that affect the absorbed dose of radiation include which of the following? ANS: all are correct
Abdominal mass?
DefinitionAn abdominal mass is swelling in one specific part of the belly area (abdomen).Alternative NamesMass in the abdomenConsiderationsAn abdominal mass is usually detected on routine physical examination. Most of the time they develop slowly. You may not be able to feel the mass.Where the pain occurs helps the doctor make a diagnosis. For example, the abdomen is usually divided into four areas:Right-upper quadrantLeft-upper quadrantRight-lower quadrantLeft-lower quadrantOther terms used to specify the location of abdominal pain or masses include:Epigastric -- center of the abdomen just below the ribcagePeriumbilical -- the area around the bellybuttonThe location of the mass, and its firmness, texture, and other qualities can provide clues as to the cause of an abdominal mass.Common CausesAbdominal aortic aneurysm can cause a pulsating mass around the navel.Bladder distention (urinary bladder over-filled with fluid) can cause a firm mass in the center of the lower abdomen above the pelvic bones, and in extreme cases can extend as far up as the navel.Cholecystitiscan cause a very tender mass that is felt below the liver in the right-upper quadrant (occasionally).Colon cancercan cause a mass almost anywhere in the abdomen.Crohn's diseaseor bowel obstruction can cause multiple tender, sausage-shaped masses anywhere in the abdomen.Diverticulitiscan cause a mass that is usually located in the left-lower quadrant.Gallbladder tumor can cause a moderately tender, irregularly shaped right-upper quadrant mass.Hydronephrosis(fluid-filled kidney) can cause a smooth, spongy-feeling mass in one or both sides or toward the back (flank area).Kidney cancercan sometimes cause a mass in the abdomen.Liver cancercan cause a firm, lumpy mass in the right upper quadrant.Liver enlargement (hepatomegaly) can cause a firm, irregular mass below the right rib cage (right costal margin), or on the left side in the stomach area (epigastric).Neuroblastoma, a malignant tumor often found in the lower abdomen, that primarily occurs in children and infants.Ovarian cystcan cause a smooth, rounded, rubbery mass above the pelvis in the lower abdomen.Pancreatic abscess can cause a mass in the upper abdomen in the epigastric area.Pancreatic pseudocyst can cause a lumpy mass in the upper abdomen in the epigastric area.Renal cell carcinoma can cause a smooth, firm, nontender mass near the kidney (usually only affects one kidney).Spleen enlargement (splenomegaly) -- the edge of an enlarged spleen may sometimes be felt in the left-upper quadrant.Stomach cancercan cause a mass in the left-upper abdomen in the stomach area (epigastric) if the cancer is large.Uterine leiomyoma (fibroids) can cause a round, lumpy mass above the pelvis in the lower abdomen (occasionally can be felt if the fibroids are large).Volvulus can cause a mass anywhere in the abdomen.Ureteropelvic junction obstruction can cause a mass in the lower abdomen.Home CareAll abdominal masses should be examined as soon as possible by the health care provider.Changing your body position may help relieve pain due to an abdominal mass.Call your health care provider ifSeek immediate medical help if you have a pulsating lump in your abdomen along with severe abdominal pain. This could be a sign of a ruptured aortic aneurysm, which is an emergency condition.Contact your doctor if you notice any type of abdominal mass.What to expect at your health care provider's officeIn nonemergency situations, your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms and medical history.In an emergency situation, you will be stabilized first. Then, the doctor will exam your abdomen and ask questions about your symptoms and medical history, such as:Where is the mass located?When did you notice the mass?Does it come and go?Has the mass changes in size or position, or has it become more or less painful?What other symptoms do you have?A pelvic or rectal examination may be needed in some cases. Tests that may be done to determine the cause of an abdominal mass include:Abdominal CT scanAbdominal ultrasoundAbdominal x-rayAngiographyBarium enemaBlood tests such as CBC and blood chemistryColonoscopyEGDIsotope studySigmoidoscopyReferencesProctor DD. Approach to the patient with gastrointestinal disease. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 134.Postier RG, Squires RA. Acute abdomen. In: Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:chap 45.
