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a gem
crystals
A rare mineral that can be cut and polished could be called a gemstone.
A precious or semiprecious stone. Other names are jewel, and gem.
Gold is a valuable mineral
Many different minerals are prized for their rarity and beauty. For example, phosphophyllite, crocoite, zoisite variety "tanzanite", to name just a few, are not found at many places, come in stunning colors and large, lustrous crystals, and can command enormous prices.
a rock
Yes.
Yes.
This would be called a gemstone.
yes jade is an less valuable mineral than gold
As a mineral commodity in relation to other mineral commodities, not especially so. To a manufacturer that depends on graphite and has no substitute mineral, it would be very valuable.