Sloop
A single masted boat is a sloop or a catboat.
The Unicorn
Sloop.
Perhaps a sloop or raft is what you are looking for.
A sloop
catalina capri 14
a dinghy would be a small (6 to 16 foot) sailboat, these can have almost any sail rig. the type of rig you described is called a sloop. a sloop is a sailboat with a triangular mainsail and a jib (this sail configuration is called a marconi rig, or bermudian rig), and are very common. so a small, one masted vessel with a mainsail and jib would just be called a sloop, or dinghy.
yacht this was the original answer but this can refer to a powered vessel too. As in motor yacht. A one masted fore and aft rigged vessel is called a sloop and can have various sail plans e.g. Gaff rigged, bermudian rigged
to handie any ship in a severe storm could involve a lot of skills, for instance it is possible for a ship to burst or brake in two in storms or hurricanes, that is why a skilled Captain will choose to keep the ship´s bow either in the wind at no speed or stern(transom) in the wind until the storm has subdued, a three masted ship in a severe storm should lower all sails except the smallest one on the mast closest to the bow, and try to keep the transom in the wind at all times, it´s good to know that the 3 mast´s and riggins alone can help the ship to capside
This could be a sloop (main + jib), a cutter (main + jib + foresail), or a cat boat (main alone). There are many variations.
It is a "sloop", said to be "sloop-rigged".