A moon or artificial object orbiting around a planet is called a satellite.
No. There are, however, many planets discovered by a spacecraft called Kepler and given designations such as Kepler-69c.
The presence or absence of spacecraft near Mars will have no effect whatsoever on the planet's gravitational field.
Cassini spacecraft
Jupiter ;)
Orbits a planet/moon
shuttle
Good question. Imagine a spacecraft is approaching a planet. The planet is moving around the sun. The spacecraft path is adjusted to approach the trailing limb of the planet -- the rear edge of the planet when you look at its orbit around the sun, not its dark side. The planet pulls on the spacecraft as it goes by (and actually the spacecraft pulls on the planet, too). If the spacecraft were close enough to the planet, and traveling slowly enough, it would be captured by the planet. But it is possible to put the space craft in a path so that will not be captured--it can be pulled by the planet so that the spacecraft gains velocity. The planet loses velocity, but since planets are huge and spacecraft small, the planet's velocity is barely affected. It is hard to visualize this, but imagine a ping pong ball being struck by a soccerball in mid-air (this would make a good science class demonstration)--the ping pong ball will pick up tremendous speed by being struck by a heavier ball. The heavy ball will hardly notice it. You can do this by dropping the soccer ball with the ping pong ball on top of it. Slingshotting a spacecraft (also called gravity assist) works in a similar way except the spacecraft would be pulled by the planet's gravity instead of being pushed (as with the two-ball demonstration).
No. There are, however, many planets discovered by a spacecraft called Kepler and given designations such as Kepler-69c.
No spacecraft has visited all the planets.
The First spacecraft was the MESSENGER. The First spacecraft was the MESSENGER.
Venus was the planet that the spacecraft Magellan enabled scientists to research extensively.
The Mariner spacecraft landed on the planet Mars, and the Apollo spacecraft landed on the moon.
yes
Saturn
There is no planet that is simply called "Kepler". The Kepler spacecraft discovered various planets, with names such as "Kepler-4b", "Kepler 11-d", etc.
The presence or absence of spacecraft near Mars will have no effect whatsoever on the planet's gravitational field.
A small planet going round a big planet is called a moon. Like our moon, it is smaller than Earth - so all planets orbiting round a bigger planet is called a moon.