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The ground cable, on the battery may need to be tightened or cleaned. The alternator voltage regulator may need to be replaced.
The voltage regulator in the alternator is probley weak. Replace the alternator
An alternator's terminal voltage shouldn't drop 'sharply' when subjected to a lagging power-factor load. After all, most practical loads are inductive and it wouldn't do for an alternator's terminal voltage to drop 'sharply' for what is a normal load. Nevertheless, in common with most voltage sources, there will be a moderate drop in its terminal voltage due to the internal voltage drop caused by the load current passing through the impedance of the armature windings. Perhaps surprisingly, however, there may be an increase in terminal voltage when supplying a leading power factor, the reason for which can be demonstrated using simple phasor analysis of the alternator's induced e.m.f. and internal voltage drop -this cannot be shown here, but there are lots of websites which demonstrate this.
you need to have a small enough voltage drop to still charge the battery with above 12 V input from your alternator. The voltage drop depends on wire size and distance, with bigger wires you will have less voltage drop which is due to the wire resistance.
ferranti effect...B.*If we use capacitive load the stator MMF aid the rotor MMF. It means that in times of capacitive load rotor flux and main field flux are additive. So the alternator voltage increase with capacitance loading.[By Akhtaruzzaman08]
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In all probability you have a bad battery or a loose connection. If the voltage drops with the motor running, you probably have a bad alternator (or generator) or regulator.
Depending on the make and model of the vehicle, the voltage regulator, a device which limits the amount of volts that the alternator (generator) sends back to the battery and fuse panel, my be internal ( inside the alternator) or external ( regulated by the cars computer.) This device will fail with age. But if it is external, I would check all engine grounds for good connections before proceeding. Bad ground is a hidden cause for voltage loss.
120 volt wall outlets. Their could me a small voltage between neutral and ground,up to around 1.5 volts. What you are measuring is the voltage drop on the system at that point in the system. You see the neutral and the ground are at the same level some where up stream (service panel). The neutral is under the same load as the phase conductor, and the neutral will drop voltage same as the phase. This is in fact the way I measure voltage drop, (neutral to ground.) However don't get fooled by high imped. meter, They have a way of ghosting a voltage. Or floating high, You get a reading but the voltage is really not their.
It's probably the Voltage regulator inside the Alternator.
You may need a new one. It might not be capable of charging as well as it used too.
the voltage drop means whenever the conductor passing through the supply voltage, according to the resistivity property to reduces the some amount of voltage that drop is known as voltage drop for example the resistance is used to drop the voltage to the circuit.............................................