buckled railroad tracks on a hot day
Kinetic Energy will [always] do this.
Convection, and thermal expansion.
Thermal expansion
The reason there are cracks in sidewalks instead of just one continuous piece of concrete is to provide for thermal expansion. Without the expansion cracks, as the concrete heats up it expands it would have no where to go so the sidewalk would buckle. Also, in the winter when it gets cold the concrete would shrink and crack/break.
Thermal expansion causes repeated expansion and contraction within the rock. This repeated stress breaks bonds and eventually causes the rock to crack. Thermal expansion is classified as a type of physical or mechanical weathering.
The process is called thermal expansion. When metal is heated, the increase in temperature causes its particles to vibrate more vigorously, leading to an expansion in size.
The answer depends on what causes the elongation: a stretching force (tension) or thermal expansion.
Thermal expansion is the increase in size of a material when its temperature increases, while thermal contraction is the decrease in size when the temperature decreases. This phenomenon occurs because heating causes atoms to vibrate more and move further apart, leading to expansion, while cooling causes atoms to vibrate less and come closer together, leading to contraction.
Exfoliation is primarily caused by a combination of thermal expansion and contraction due to daily temperature fluctuations. The heating of rock during the day causes expansion, while cooling at night causes contraction. This continuous expansion and contraction weaken the rock, leading to exfoliation.
Electrical cables that are strung from pole to pole are made of metal (usually aluminum or copper, in the U.S.). In hot weather, the cables get longer, which causes them to sag lower than they do in the winter. When the distance between poles is long, it can be pretty obvious.
Thermal energy from the sun causes cracks in the road through a process called thermal expansion and contraction. When the road surface heats up, it expands, and when it cools down, it contracts. This repeated expansion and contraction over time can lead to cracks forming.
thermal expantion