Answer 1
Witnessing that no God except one God, the one and only one God; with no partner, no son, no father, no companion, and no associate; and that prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is His Messenger and prophet; to whom Quran is revealed by God through the angel Gabriel (Jibril).
Answer 2
It depends on what you mean by this question. If it is asking what are some Islamic philosophies that are considered extremist today, the predominant ones are: Wahhabism and some forms of Salafism.
If you are asking what are the beliefs held by these extremist branches: Wahhabism and Salafism both hold that Islam should return to the rituals and beliefs of its original practitioners without the developments of Islamic Philosophy and jurisprudence, which in their views, have led Islam down the wrong path. Some versions of Salafism are relatively tame in this approach and accept that their path is just another viable path. Wahhabism and other forms of Salafism hold that all religions and sects of Islam that do not believe as they believe are worthy only of death or conversion. Any country that supports idea counter to their ideology is worthy of annihilation and replacement with a government more in accordance with their ideals.
Understandably, many Muslims around the world oppose the Wahhabists and those Salafists who carry much the same message on three grounds. Firstly, they do this for self-protection as these extremist groups have labelled the other Muslim sects as kafirs (unbelievers) and worthy of the sword or conversion. Secondly, these sects created a negative image of Muslims and most people would rather not have their good deeds tarnished by the acts of brash individuals. Finally, and most importantly, in their view these violent and oppressive teachings conflict with the purpose of Islam, which is to unite people in fellowship, not subjugate them for unbelief.
Killing innocent people is prohibited in islam its not part of Islamic Faith.
The Islamic faith believes in Allah.
Each Islamic country has its capital city but if you mean the spiritual capital of the Islamic faith then it's the city of Mecca (Makkah).
They both believe in one God.
Allover the world
610 A.D.
Yes, the mosque is the place where people that study the Islamic faith go to worship
Muhammad SAW/PBUH is the leader of the islamic faith. When i say leader i mean the founder the person who founded Islam.
The definition of the word "fatwa" in the Islamic faith is the legal judgement that a qualified jurist can make regarding issues of Islamic law. In other words, it is a formal legal opinion.
An extreme interpretation of Islamic values.
The Islam faith was founded in about 610 A.D. It was fouded by Muhammad.
Islamic religion is the faith of Muslims who are spread all over the world.