Physician is another word for doctor. Doctors may also be referred to as Healthcare Professionals, however the term does have wider applications in the Healthcare sector.
Doctor.
Person who is a doctor.
veterinarian.
Animal doctor would be one, vet is another (short for veterinarian).
You could use "Once a doctor and a soldier, ...." or "Previously a doctor and a soldier, ...."
Surgeon
Yes.
i depends. If you are a doctor, the word for it is incision.
doc?
Consultant, clinic, expert, practitioner, specialist.
physician
'doctor's surgery' (BritEnglish)/'doctor's office' (Amer.English) = consultorio hospital