0
Artisanry is the work of an artisan.
Wiki User
∙ 8y ago
Add your answer:
Earn +20 pts
What do you find in traditional arabic markets?
You usually find assorted food items and spices; cosmetics; artisanry and handicrafts; and books and magazines.
Why didn't the industral revolution have the guillotine?
The Industrial Revolution was the shift from manual manufacture (artisanry and handicrafts) to mechanized manufacture (machine construction and production). It was not a violent revolution or overthrow of authority. As a result, no guillotine was needed. (However, guillotines already existed in most countries undergoing the industrial revolutions.)
What jobs did the women in the middle class do during the renaissance?
The jobs women in the middle class did during the Renaissance varied depending on their families. Many worked as assistants for their male family member's businesses like merchantry, artisanry, cobbling, sewing, and the like.
What major occupations did the Jews adopt when they left Palestine in 65 bc?
Jews did not leave Palestine in 65 BCE. They were forcibly exiled over a century later in 70 CE.When they were exiled, they took on an incredible number of occupations. In most European countries, they were banned from a number of those occupations (especially artisanry). This resulted in European Jews primarily becoming lawyers, bankers, and doctors, since these were the professions not barred to them. However, in countries like Yemen where these prohibitions never occurred, Jews were dominant in jewelry creation.
What did Jews work as?
Whether Jews had permission to work depends quite strongly on the time period, location, and profession of choice. For example, Jews could almost always work in in-community professions, like butchers, rabbis, or ghetto-police. However, Jews were almost uniformly banned from certain professions like artisanry. Also some professions permitted to Jews in one country would be illegal for Jews in another. For example, Jews could be government officials in the US, but could not in most of Europe prior to the 20th century.
Is the lifestyle of Zen and Christian Monks the same other than their religion?
It's almost like saying "Is the lifestyle of a corporate executive and an unemployed pauper the same other than their employment situation?". In monastic life, religion and faith are everything and therefore each action taken is predicated on religious beliefs. Zen Monks spend hours in meditation, saying and (ostensibly) doing nothing. When they do not meditate, they also maintain the famous zen gardens which are areas of sand with sparse vegetation that are meticulously maintained. Zen monks occasionally pray together as well and study the words and beliefs of the Buddha and the Bodhisattva (the wise sages who are also believed to have achieved enlightenment). Christian monks spend hours in oration, or verbal prayers (unless the particular order of monks is sworn to silence, in which case oration is silent as well). Christian monks use bells to indicate when oration is beginning and when it ends. They glorify Christ for his unending love and salvation and study his commands and messages. Christian monks also engage in horticulture, growing their own foodstuffs and alcohol. Many monks also engage in artisanry and trade with neighboring villages. However, the general nature of being separate from the general public and devoting yourself exclusively to a fraternity of those seeking spiritual salvation or enlightenment is similar.
How did Jews preserve their identity as a people after the Diaspora?
Jews have kept their identity as they were slaves in ww11 and during the time of mosesAnswer:By learning the Torah and keeping its laws. Without that, we would have disappeared as did the Sadducees and the Essenes.
What techniques did the Jews use to keep judaism alive during the Jewish diaspora?
1) Reading the Torah in the synagogue and studying it at other times. In those countries where there were zero Torah-scholars, Judaism died out. One example of that is the Kaifeng community.2) Keeping the laws and beliefs of the Torah. Those who didn't do this, such as the Hellenizers and Sadducees, went lost.3) Maintaining vibrant Jewish communities, with communal prayer and study, mutual help, maintaining ties between the various communities, etc.4) Remembering God's covenant and promise that the Jews and Judaism will never cease.See also:More about the diaspora
Did Jews and Moors try to take over Spain?
Simple Answer:The Muslims (often called Moors incorrectly -- see complex answer) invaded Spain and ruled over parts of the Iberian Peninsula from 711-1492. The Jews were not an active part of the conquest force or the militaries raised by either the Muslims, but they were a significant part of the civilian population within the Muslim-controlled regions of Spain.Complex Answer:What is a Moor?The proper term for the "Moors" is "AMAZIGH", as they are known in their language, or "Berbers" as both Westerners and Arabs have identified them. Amazigh are the indigenous people of the Maghreb or northwest Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.) Amazigh come in nearly every color, from pale white skin to dark black skin. They had recently converted to Islam when Arab Islamic Armies had barrelled their way across North Africa. The Amazigh were the primary military force involved in overrunning Visigothic Catholic Spain and the lead Muslim general, Tariq ibn Ziyad, is commonly believed to be Amazigh.Other Muslim Groups in SpainHowever, in addition to the Amazigh, there were numerous significant minorities of Muslims who lived in Spain. The largest minority were ARABS or Muslims coming from Middle East. They were a mix of people from Arabia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. Arabs were actually the rulers of all of Islamic Spain from 711-1038 C.E., the Umayyad Caliphate, after which the Amazigh became much more powerful and prominent, especially with the Almoravid and Almohad Caliphates. However, the last Islamic nation in Spain was the Arab Nasrid Emirate of Granada, which existed alone from 1252-1492.Another major group were the MULADIS who were indigenous Iberians/Spaniards who converted to Islam. Muladis very rarely wielded political power and were often taxed as Non-Muslims, but there were occasions when they were able to gain power in the Taifa Kingdoms, which were Islamic city-states in southern Spain which developed after the fall of Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, but before the Almoravid invasion and again after the Almohads were excised from Spain, but before the Christian North conquered all of them save the Emirate of Granada.The last major group of Muslims in Spain were the former Slavic Slaves called SAQALIBA. The Muslims had a massive slave trade throughout the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe (as well as with Sub-Saharan Africa). One of the largest places of origin for Islamic Slaves was southeastern and eastern Europe, where numerous Slavic peoples were sold into slavery. Many of these Slavs became slaves in Islamic Spain. However, some were able to earn their freedom, usually by a combination of luck, physical ability to overpower their master, and conversion to Islam. These now-freed Slavs who had been born in Spain and were now Muslims were called Saqaliba. Saqaliba very rarely wielded political power, but there were occasions when they were able to gain power in the Taifa Kingdoms (like the Muladis). The Saqaliba famously ruled the Taifa of Denia, which controlled parts of the Balaeric Islands and Valencia.What was the Jews' Involvement in Islamic SpainBy most accounts, the Iberian Jewish community was in favor of the Islamic Conquest of Spain. Muslims were believed (correctly) to be more tolerant of Jews and Jewish practice than the Catholic Visigoths currently in power over them. As a result, local Jews assisted Muslims in their conquests throughout Spain. A great example of this was when the Muslims captured the city of Cordoba. They approached the Jewish community, gave them weapons, and asked them to be the stewards of the city until the Conquest of Spain was complete. The Jewish community maintained law and order in Cordoba for two years until the conquest of Spain was more-or-less complete and the Muslim leadership returned to the area and confiscated the weapons they had previously given the Jews. From that point forward, Jews were forbidden the right to self-defense.Once this period of conquest (711-714) was over, Jews primarily contributed to Islamic Spain through artisanry, poetry, science, and philosophy. Jewish intellectuals participated in the Islamic Golden Age in Spain as did Mozarab Christians. It must be made clear that while Jews in the Umayyad Caliphate had many more privileges than Jews outside of the Caliphate, these are nowhere near commensurate to the rights that Jews enjoy in Western countries today. For more information on the treatment of Jews under Islam, please see the Related Question: What was the treatment of non-Muslims under Muslim rule?
What are the three ways the Jews kept their faith strong during the diaspora?
1) Reading the Torah in the synagogue and studying it at other times. In those countries where there were zero Torah-scholars, Judaism died out. One example of that is the Kaifeng community.2) Keeping the laws and beliefs of the Torah. Those who didn't do this, such as the Hellenizers and Sadducees, went lost.3) Maintaining vibrant Jewish communities, with communal prayer and study, mutual help, maintaining ties between the various communities, etc.4) Remembering God's covenant and promise that the Jews and Judaism will never cease.
Why do Jews succeed?
Generally speaking, Jews succeed because Jewish values align with the types of values that lead to economic success, scientific success, strong social relationships. Jews value education, hard work, personal responsibility, curiosity, humility, kindness and compassion, honesty, frugality, spirituality, and behavioral reciprocity. However, it is worth noting that Ultra-Religious Jews are not usually as economically or scientifically successful, often because they do not embrace some of these values like personal responsibility.Of course, there are a number of Jews, Christians, and others who argue that the success of the Jewish people is a demonstration of God's miraculous will, but this is a non-explanation since it gives no information.1) High Degree of Literacy and Education: Jews have historically had high literacy rates and a determination to be educated. This resulted in Jews being able to more effectively preserve their traditions than the general Christian or Muslim populations with which they lived. This prevented cultural diffusion, where it did occur, from obfuscating Jewish traditions because the latter could always be reread and discussed. Since Jews were more educated, they were able to branch out into numerous more skilled professions. Additionally, many of the professions in artisanry were forbidden to Jews. This led to many Jews becoming lawyers, doctors, bankers, and bureaucrats. Their abilities to help Gentile leaders effectively rule their states made the Jews worth protecting in a way that other minorities, such as the Romani, did not encourage.2) Hard Work: Jewish traditions support the idea that there is something valuable in the act of working and being a part of this world. Often, in Reform Jewish circles, this is narrowed to Tikkun Olam or Repairing the World, but in Orthodoxy, this applies to secular work and professionalism in general. Work is not a necessary evil to sustain oneself, but a good in and of itself for the kind of character that it brings about in the Jew performing it. Leading Rabbis will often dissuade fellow Jews from joining the clergy if they have useful skill that they can perform and both improve society and improve themselves.3) Personal Responsibility: Jews take responsibility for their own actions, as opposed to blaming external conditions. This leads to Jews in difficult situations taking action to ameliorate their own conditions, be that through protests, active presence in political discourse, joining politics, or moving away from discriminatory regimes. Jews assume that their fellow Jews will maintain their own "economic house" and while there is a degree of charity between Jews, charity is seen as a stopgap measure, not something which should be relied on for extended periods of time. This has stopped Jews (outside of Israel) from generally being long-term welfare recipients.4) Curiosity: Jews are taught from an early age to ask questions and debate serious issues. Religious Jews often do this in the framework of religious study with the long dialectics in the Talmud and other instances of analytic thinking. Rather than stressing dogmatic recitation, Jews stress a critical thought process and curiosity about how the world works. This makes Jews more likely to go into the sciences since this critical and curious mindset is apt for scientific discovery.5) Humility: Maimonides stressed that it was important to avoid the extremes in midot or personal attributes, with the exception that humility should be pursued in the extreme. A Jew should not exalt himself or consider himself beyond reproach. This means that the Jew must always be attempting to better himself and his lot in life. Jews correspondingly, try to open themselves up to constructive criticism and self-improvement.6) Kindness and Compassion: Judaism stresses love and generosity towards your kinsman, fostering strong societal bonds and providing increased communal security.7) Honesty: Judaism values honesty and truth over easy answers, which folds neatly into personal responsibility and humility. Honesty also promotes repeat business and strong interpersonal relationships.8) Frugality and Spirituality: Judaism teaches against excessive spending, leading to Jews saving more of their wealth and passing it onto the next generation. The preservation of wealth helps to prevent subsequent generations from being poor. Furthermore, Judaism does not value physical possessions, but rather values emotional and spiritual concerns. As a result, a Jewish homes will usually lack all but the necessary appliances to live a decent life.9) Behavioral Reciprocity: As Rabbi Hillel once said, "The whole Torah is treat your fellow man as yourself and all the rest is commentary". Jews value treating others well in order to be treated well. While there are some Jews who take advantage of others, the majority seek to behave well and treat others well.
Why has Judaism survived over the many centuries despite the diaspora and persecution?
Answer 1: Refusal to Give Up FaithWhen considering the long history of the Jewish people and their journey through some otherwise incredible times the one thing that seems to stand out the most above all else, is their undeniable faith. The Holocaust and Spanish Inquisition was truly a testament of that faith. To be subjected to such atrocities because they would not believe in another god in Heaven and would not bow down and worship or give praise to other gods. For that, they suffered terribly. The key to their survival and longevity lies in their their relationship to G-d and their unwavering faith. "For God so loved the Jews, for they are my people and I am their God."Answer 2: Christian Divine Plan for the JewsThe Jews followed the same God as the Christian God since Adam and Eve, especially since Noah after the word-wide flood subsided. They were under a different covenant with laws to follow and not the same grace that people got after Christ died. There's only one answer to how they've been around since the beginning of time till the end. They are God's chosen people, even though they've rejected Christ. They will be protected by God all the way up until judgement day. Jews will either wind up being condemned or accepting Christ and making it to heaven. God has guided them all throughout the old testament and God still has a plan for them in the new testament even though they don't follow it.Answer 3: Jewish Divine Plan for the JewsJudaism does not recognize a Christian divine plan. Judaism does not recognize Jesus. Judaism does not recognize the new testament.Judaism only recognizes the one G-d of Israel.The Jewish people have survived so long because The Jewish people are eternal.In Genesis 17:7 G-d promises Abraham that the Jewish people will be eternal in an everlasting covenant between Him and the Jewish people.On Mount Sinai G-d promises the Jewish people they will be an eternal nation.Leviticus 26:44 states: And yet for all that, when they be in the land of their enemies, I will not cast them away, neither will I abhor them, to destroy them utterly, and to break my covenant with them: for I am the LORD their God.Answer 4: Uniqueness of the JewsThere are numerous interrelated reasons that the Jews survived despite being deprived of their homeland and being almost consistently persecuted to varying degrees, regardless of whether the miracle-argument is convincing or not.1) Identity and Distinctiveness: Both Jews and non-Jews perceived Jews as a unique ethnic group of people with specific religious beliefs. Historically, parts of the Jewish and parts of the non-Jewish communities have strongly resisted integration and legal equality between Jews and non-Jews. This distinctive identity was further reinforced by the various forms of persecution that Jews suffered. They realized that nobody would look out for their interests consistently other than themselves, which made them more resilient and inward-looking as a community with distinct customs and beliefs.It is worth noting that in countries with more persistent persecution (but not genocide) of Jews, that Jews tend to be more religious than in countries were Jews feel less persecuted. This is not to encourage persecution, but there is a strong correlation between stronger persecution (that does not rise to genocides or massacres) and a more religious Jewish population.2) High Degree of Literacy and Education: Jews have historically had high literacy rates and a determination to be educated. This resulted in Jews being able to more effectively preserve their traditions than the general Christian or Muslim populations with which they lived. This prevented cultural diffusion, where it did occur, from obfuscating Jewish traditions because the latter could always be reread and discussed.3) Usefulness: Since Jews were more educated, they were able to branch out into numerous more skilled professions. Additionally, many of the professions in artisanry were forbidden to Jews. This led to many Jews becoming lawyers, doctors, bankers, and bureaucrats. Their abilities to help Gentile leaders effectively rule their states made the Jews worth protecting in a way that other minorities, such as the Romani, did not encourage.4) Mobility: Unlike most minorities, the Jews were able to migrate from areas with increasing persecution and hardship to areas where these things were lessened. This moblity was enhanced by the above three benefits. Since Jews were distinct, it fostered a strong sense of brotherhood, meaning that a migrant Jew would be welcomed by the extant Jewish community. Additionally, the shared literacy of the Jewish communities meant that even if the migrants did not speak the vernacular, they could at least communicate with Jews using written Hebrew in a pinch. However, more useful were Jewish languages like Yiddish, Ladino, Yevanic, or Judeo-Arabic which had a larger geographic dispersions than most spoken languages of the time. Also, given that Jews were very useful, they posed less of welfare problem than non-Jewish migrants with equal resources.Answer 5: God's promiseRabbi Jacob Emden (1697-1776) once said that the survival of the Jewish people is the greatest of miracles. It can be explained only as a fulfillment of God's covenant.Consider also this famous quote from Mark Twain:"If the statistics are right, the Jews constitute but one quarter of one percent of the human race. The Jew ought hardly to be heard of; but he is heard of, has always been heard of.The Egyptians, the Babylonians and the Persians rose, filled the planet with sound and splendor, then faded to dream-stuff and passed away; the Greeks and Romans followed and made a vast noise, and they were gone; other people have sprung up and held their torch high for a time but it burned out, and they sit in twilight now, or have vanished.The Jew saw them all, survived them all, and is now what he always was, exhibiting no dulling of his alert mind. All things are mortal but the Jews; all other forces pass, but he remains. What is the secret of his immortality?"
