As the applied base-collector voltage (VBC) varies, the base-collector depletion region varies in size. This variation causes the gain of the device to change, since the gain is related to the width of the effective base region. This effect is often called the "Early Effect"
An NPN bipolar transistor can be considered as two diodes connected anode to anode. In normal operation, the emitter-base junction is forward biased and the base-collector junction is reverse biased. In an npn-type transistor for example, electrons from the emitter wander (or "diffuse") into the base
AM - Amplitude Modulation FM - Frequency Modulation
modulation
Frequency Modulation and Phase Modulation
frequency modulation..
due to velocity modulation density modulation occurs in TWT
The difference between frequency modulation and phase modulation is that with frequency modulation the angular frequency of the signal is modified while with the phase modulation, the phase angle of the signal is modified.
In Frequency Modulation (FM), if the modulation frequency is doubled, the modulation index does not necessarily double; it depends on the amplitude of the modulating signal. In Amplitude Modulation (AM), the modulation index is defined as the ratio of the peak amplitude of the modulating signal to the carrier amplitude, so it remains unchanged with varying modulation frequency. For Phase Modulation (PM), similar to FM, the modulation index is influenced by the amplitude of the modulating signal and does not inherently double with the modulation frequency. Thus, modulation frequency and modulation index are not directly linked in this way for FM, PM, or AM.
the modulation system is of FM
i dont know ans. of this.
QAM is a combination of phase modulation & amplitude modulation.
Frequency modulation Phase modulation
Modulation index is also called as Modulation depth. The modulation index of a modulation scheme describes by how much the modulated variable of the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level.