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What is clientelism What are the forms of clientelism?
clientism is a form of personal,dyadic exchange usually categorized by a sense of obligation, and often also by an unequal balance of power between those involved.
The practice of giving government jobs to the supporters and friends of government leaders in known as what?
Clientelism, or in the case of family members: nepotism.
What has the author James Walston written?
James Walston has written: 'The Mafia and clientelism' -- subject(s): History, Political Patronage, Politics and government
What is the meaning of meritrocracy?
Merged as a reaction to clientelism. It means; being settled into a position only for the sake of that person's qualifications rather then his/her political or ideological tendencies. Merit = enough in quality
What is cacique democracy?
Cacique democracy is a term used to describe a system of political power in which local leaders, known as caciques, have significant influence over the political process. These leaders often exert control over the election process and have the ability to manipulate the outcome in their favor. Cacique democracy is typically associated with corruption, clientelism, and the concentration of power in the hands of a few dominant individuals.
What are the types of Philippine bureaucratic behavior?
Philippine bureaucratic behavior can generally be categorized into three types: patrimonialism, where personal relationships and loyalty influence decision-making; clientelism, which involves the exchange of goods and services for political support; and nepotism, where favoritism is shown to family and friends in appointments and resource allocation. These behaviors often stem from cultural norms and historical contexts, impacting the efficiency and transparency of government operations. Additionally, bureaucratic red tape and inefficiency can also characterize the system, hindering effective governance.
What is the second family in Lebanon?
The term "second family" in Lebanon typically refers to the political and economic elite that often operates parallel to the official state institutions. This group includes influential business leaders and political figures who exert significant control over various sectors, often overshadowing the formal government. Their power dynamics play a crucial role in shaping Lebanon’s political landscape, often leading to clientelism and nepotism. The existence of such a class highlights the complexities of governance and social structure in Lebanon.
What is a political machine?
A political machine is an unofficial system of political organization based on patronage, the spoils system, "behind-the-scenes" control, and longstanding political ties within the structure of a representative democracy. Machines sometimes have a boss, and always have a long-term corps of dedicated workers who depend on the patronage generated by government contracts and jobs. Machine politics has existed in many United States cities, especially between about 1875 and 1950, but continuing in some cases down to the present day. It is also common (under the name clientelism or political clientelism) in Latin America, especially in rural areas. Japan's Liberal Democratic Party is often cited as another political machine, maintaining power in suburban and rural areas through its control of farm bureaus and road construction agencies. The key to a political machine is patronage: holding public office implies the ability to do favors (and also the ability to profit from graft). Political machines generally steer away from issues-based politics, favoring a quid pro quo (something for something) with certain aspects of a barter economy or gift economy: the patron or "boss" does favors for the constituents, who then vote as they are told to. Sometimes this system of favors is supplemented by threats of violence or harassment toward those who attempt to step outside of it.
Describe Machine Politics?
Machine politics refers to a political system where a centralized organization, often led by a powerful party leader or "boss," controls political appointments and electoral outcomes through patronage and clientelism. This system typically relies on a network of loyal supporters who receive favors, jobs, or resources in exchange for their political allegiance and votes. While machine politics can provide stability and efficient governance in some contexts, it is often criticized for fostering corruption, undermining democratic processes, and perpetuating inequality. The practice has been historically prominent in urban settings, particularly in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
What are Millar's arguments against those who claim that the Roman Republic was a top down system?
Millar argues against the notion that the Roman Republic was solely a top-down system by highlighting the significant role of popular assemblies and the influence of the plebeian class in political decision-making. He emphasizes that while elite families held considerable power, the active participation of the lower classes in elections and their ability to pass legislation demonstrate a more complex, bottom-up dynamic. Additionally, Millar points to the importance of political patronage and clientelism, which facilitated a network of influence that transcended simple hierarchical structures. Thus, the Republic's political landscape was shaped by a broader range of social interactions and power distributions.
Why do South African officials involve themselves in corruption and graft?
South Africa's ANC politicians inherited a nation that despite decades-long sanctions against it, was rich and prosperous and so had a lot of money to go round. Of course, having good credentials as ANC freedom fighters don't automatically qualify ANC leaders as able administrators or incorruptible officials. Moreover, they looked around them and saw that fifty years and litterally trillions of dollars in development aid (among other things) had created a culture all over Africa where corruption and clientelism had become the norm rather than the exception. It's a sad fact of life that you will be hard pressed to find capable, hard-working and non-corrupt politicians anywhere in Africa. South Africa's new political leaders - many of whom have risen to the top solely on the basis of their liberation fight credentials, have proven to be no exception to the rule.
How cold war affected Africa development?
Both the Communist bloc and the Western nations tried to tried to extend their influence to Africa. The result mostly was that these countries were inundated with 'development' money in return for their support for either the East or the West. The West mostly won out in Africa, but pouring trillions of dollars in often little-developed economies and mostly rural societies did not lead to major development. Much more, it lead to large-scale corruption and self-enrichment by those countries' elites, to clientelism, spending on armies and weaponry and to a massive growth of people employed by the Governments - and as a consequence, to an enormous bureaucracy that slowed down economic growth rather than stimulating it. Despite having gotten much more in aid money than ever was taken out of Africa in 70 years of colonialism, the East/West race to 'buy' African countries' loyalty ended with many of them being now worse off than they were in the Sixties.
