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Who introduced principles of reinforcement?
The concept of reinforcement was given by Edward Thorndike in his theory of Connectivism/ Connectionist theory of learning. He gave three laws - Law of readiness,Law of exercise and Law of effect. The law of effect in particular talks about reinforcement; "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation". Here, the satisfying situation/effect become a reinforcer, positive or negative.
What are Internet characteristics?
Characteristics of the InternetThe characteristics of the Internet that affect its usefulness in teaching and learning can be divided broadly into Information and Connectivity. "The advantages arise from the Internet's enormous capacity to link participants with information and with each other" (Fahy, 2004, p. 164).The Information and Connectivity of the Internet have unique characteristics:InformationInformation on the Internet is multimedia--capable of having coloured images, sound and video. These can be expensive to produce, but increasingly there are open sources of these types of content that are free of charge. Once produced, the price of distribution of the information is nominal compared to that of producing hard-copy books, CDs and films. One favourite source of free images is FlickrInformation on the Internet can be hyperlinked. This permits both teachers and learners to assemble large bodies of information from a wide variety of sources without actually having to store the information in one place; e.g., on paper or a hard disk. Hyperlinks within information on the Internet enables users to find or cite additional sources of pertinent information.Information on the Internet is searchable. Search engines such as Google enable users to find information on every imaginable topic.Intelligent agents can be programmed to search the Internet for particular information and inform the user of the existence and location of that information. In fact, these agents can harvest pertinent information and deliver it to the user's desktop.Information on the Internet originates from world-wide sources. Users are no longer limited to the library, gallery, museum or video or record store in their locale.Users can visit The Hermitage in St. Petersburg without ever leaving their homes.ConnectivityProbably the most powerful characteristic of the Internet is its enabling of many-to-many communication. Users can communicate with one another via a variety of methods: synchronous, asynchronous, text, and audio. Most educators, no matter what learning theory or instructional strategy they espouse, recognize the value of communication between and among learners and instructors. Constructivism and an emerging theory of learning, connectivism, in particular require that learners communicate with one another.In any case, the willingness of people of all ages to engage in online communication is indicative of its potential for use in learning activities.
