Application layer is the topmost layer. Application layer is used to access the underling network services using defined procedures. Application layer interacts with software applications that implements a communicating component.
Functions:-
Identifying communication partners.
. Determining resource availability.
Synchronizing communication
where is cicso layer
where is cicso layer
Networking layer of the OSI model
The transport layer. Page 123 from Jeffrey S Beasley's "Networking"
The OSI model is a general model for networking . It has seven layer in total and each layer have some responsibilities. The layer that determines the communication mode is physical layer.
transport layer
In a standard networking protocol stack, the transport layer provides reliable transfer, fragmentation and de-fragmentation (when necessary), error detection and (within limits) recovery. Being located between the network layer (3) and the session layer (5) within the OSI network model, the transport layer uses services of both adjacent layers to facilitate uplink and downlink of the respective protocol data units.Many networking protocols do not strictly follow the OSI networking model, and may thus employ a different interpretation of transport layer.
switch,hub.
A Hub or a Switch
The INTERNET LAYER of OSI model exists for "routing" and providing a single network interface to the upper layers.
Routers operate in layer 3 because they must use the logical network address to determine which network to route the packet to. Logical addressing is a feature of layer 3, therefore a router is a layer 3 device.
Hubs and Switches