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What is Malonic acids role with respect to succinate dehydrogenase?
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∙ 9y ago
Malonic acid is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase.
Zackery Schumm
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Is the apple a acid or a base?
Yes, several weak acids in it. pH is about 3.5 to 4.5. There is even an acid named by them: malonic acid (propane-di-oic acid, C3H4O4).
In the Briggs Rauscher reaction can the Malonic acid be replaced by Oxalic acid?
In theory, any organic molecule with an enolic hydrogen (as in carboxylic acids, e.t.c.) can be used, it has simply been found that the malonic acid gives the most easily discernable colour changes and is just generally better for the reaction (Sorry for my lapse in scientific language there, I'm tired!). So the answer, in basics, is yes
What does omega mean with respect to fatty acids?
the position of the first double carbon
What is the difference between malonic ester synthesis and acetoacetic ester synthesis?
The Malonic Ester Synthesis begins with the dimethyl ester of a malonic acid (a beta-carboxy ester). This reaction is used to make substituted CARBOXYLIC ACIDS.1. You start with malonic ester (a beta-carboxy ester) and alkylate it with an alkyl halide. This step is what attaches the alkyl group from the alkyl halide to the malonic ester at the position beta to both carbonyls.2. You then add water and strong base to hydrolyze the ester groups at the ends into carboxylic acid groups, giving you malonic acid (a beta-diacid). It looks like the product from the first step, only there are carboxylic acids in place of the esters at both ends.3. Upon gentle heating, a CO2 leaves giving the enol. The enol tautomerizes, meaning it introconverts into its isomer, the carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid contains that R group that we attached during step 1.The Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis has a different starting material, but follows the same Akylation-Hydrolysis-Decarboxylation steps! It is used to make asymmetrical, substituted KETONES.1. You start with acetoacetate (a beta-keto ester) and alkylate it with an alkyl halide. This step is what attaches the alkyl group from the alkyl halide to acetoacetate at the position beta to both carbonyls.2. You then add water and strong base to hydrolyze the ester group into a carboxylic acid, giving you a beta-keto acid. It looks like the product from the first step, only there's a carboxylic acid in place of the ester at the end.3. Upon gentle heating, a CO2 leaves giving the enol. The enol tautomerizes, meaning it introconverts into its isomer, the ketone. The ketone is unsymmetrical due to that R group that we attached during step 1.
Describe the process in krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur within the mitochondria of cells. The cycle involves the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce ATP, the primary energy source for cells. The process can be divided into the following steps: Acetyl-CoA Formation: The cycle starts with the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate, which is generated during glycolysis or from fatty acids. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, and results in the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the formation of NADH. Citrate Formation: Acetyl-CoA then combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is catalyzed by the enzyme citrate synthase. This reaction also releases CoA. Isocitrate Formation: Citrate is then converted into isocitrate by the enzyme aconitase. This reaction involves the removal of one water molecule and the addition of another. α-Ketoglutarate Formation: Isocitrate is then oxidized by isocitrate dehydrogenase, releasing CO2 and producing NADH. This reaction also forms α-ketoglutarate. Succinyl-CoA Formation: α-Ketoglutarate is then converted into succinyl-CoA by the enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. This reaction also releases CO2 and produces NADH. Succinate Formation: Succinyl-CoA is then converted into succinate by the enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase. This reaction produces ATP. Fumarate Formation: Succinate is then oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase, releasing FADH2 and producing fumarate. Malate Formation: Fumarate is then converted into malate by the enzyme fumarase. Oxaloacetate Formation: Malate is then oxidized by malate dehydrogenase, releasing NADH and producing oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate can then be used to begin the cycle again. Overall, the Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 CO2 molecules for every molecule of glucose that enters the cycle. These products are then used in the electron transport chain to produce more ATP, which can be used for cellular energy.
Is amino acid the basic unit of life with respect to chemistry?
Well, there are technically four macromolecules essential to life...they are the lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Amino acids correspond to the proteins, so yes, they are a basic unit of life. However, they are not the only basic unit, because there are others. See, life could not exist as we know it without amino acids, but couldn't with justamino acids as well.
What are producing more ATP in between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
In saturated fatty acid oxidation, the first step is a dehydrogenase reaction. This yields a trans double bond on carbons 2 and 3 from the CoA end. A product of the reaction is FADH2 which can be used to make ATP. In oxidation of an unsaturated fatty acid, the double bond is not recognized by the dehydrogenase reaction therefore you have to use a secondary isomeration reaction to produce the same product as you did in saturated fatty acid oxidation. This skips the effective "first step" and does not produce FADH2 meaning less ATP is produce.
What is anaploretic?
It means "Filling up"... If we are talking about the TCA cycle, which I am assuming we are. A set of reactions, one of which is the glyoxylate cycle supports the TCA cycle with intermediates that are used in making other molecules, therefore filling in the intermediate that were used in other reactions. For example, Citrate is used to make Fatty Acids and Cholesterol. When citrate is pulled from the TCA cycle to make these molecules fewer citrate molecules will go through the TCA cycle making less succinate and there for less oxaloacetate. The glyoxylate cycle makes up for this deficit by making succinate, fumarate, and malate which will proceed to complete the TCA cycle.
What repeating units make up a protein fatty acids peptide acids amino acids carboxylic acids?
They are the amino acids. They are the monomers
Why are mineral acids strong acids?
Not all mineral acids are strong acids.
Why segregate inorganic acids from organic acids?
why do we segregate inorganic acids from organic acids
Reactivity and synthetic applications of malonic ester?
Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are, in general, triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids.[5] Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries.[6] Several billion kilograms of polyesters are produced industrially annually, important products being polyethylene terephthalate, acrylate esters, and cellulose acetate.[7]
