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cooperative federalism
The three eras of federalism are dual federalism (layer cake), cooperative federalism (marble), and new federalism.
Morton Grodzins' well-known for his comparisons of dual federalism to a layer cake and cooperative federalism to a marble cake.
The cake examples. There is a layered cake (Which represents dual federalism) and the marble cake (Which represents cooperative federalism).
In a federalist government, power is divided between a central government and regional, such as state governments, or sub-divisional governments, such as city or county governments. Marble Cake Federalism, also called cooperative federalism, is a type in which powers, resources, and programs are intermingled between the different levels of government.
The cakes refer to the different types of federalism. The main concern is the sharing or separation of powers and the extent to which the State and Federal governments cooperate or compete. They are as follows Layer Cake--Dual Federalism--1789 to 1860 Marble Cake--Cooperative Federalism-- 1930 to 1960 Pound Cake--Co-optive federalism-- 1960 to 1980 Crumble Cake--Competitive Federalism-- 1980 till Present
One of the examples is income tax, because national,state and local government can control it.
duel federalism is compared to a layer cake
Federalism is an ideology based on how much power the federal (national) level of government should have. There are two main schools of thought. One is dual federalism (also known as layer cake federalism). Under dual federalizm, state and national government both have their own set of powers and should not interfere with each other's business. The other, cooperative federalism (or marble cake federalism), is based on the idea that both levels of government should work together. Take for example the New Deal.
layer cake federalism
Dual Federalism or Layered-cake federalism
the marble cake markings represent the rivers and lakes shown on Virginias map:)