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Naturally occurring means that the substance is natural and is not in any way made by mankind.
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What does the phrase human's innate affinity for bloodshed mean?
Innate just means naturallyoccurring in one's mind, affinity usually has the connotation of a seemingly unmerited or natural relationship or desire to, and bloodshed just means killing. So to put all of that together simply, human's innate affinity for bloodshed is people's natural fascination with killing, or man's inherent desire for murder. Hope that is helpful!
How is observational conditioning different from classical conditioning?
There are two types of conditioning covered in Psychology 101. Are you *sure* that you don't mean *Operant*Conditioning? Operant and Classical conditioning were and continue to be fundamental principles in the field of psychology. There is such a thing as Observational Learning, but the act of learning is different from being *conditioned*. I hope these definitions help you:Operant Conditioning: Operant Conditioning can be boiled down to two fundamental principles: positive and negative reinforcement. B.F. Skinnerdetermined that an organism will complete a task/challenge/feat in order to gain a reward (positive) from the parent/teacher/etc. and avoid punishment or an undesirable outcome/behavior (negative).There are examples of operant conditioning at work all around us. Think about the case of children completing homework to earn a reward from a parent or teacher, or working hard at your job to finish projects so that your boss will give you praise or a promotion.In the examples above, the promise of a reward increases the desired behavior, but operant conditioning can also be used to decrease or prevent a behavior. An undesirable outcome or punishment can be used to motivate a being to *stop* displaying a certain behavior. For example, if a child is told that s/he will be grounded for the weekend if their chores are not completed, the potential for punishment or an undesirable outcome will prompt the child to follow through with their chores.(If this answer is not satisfactory, find more at: http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/introopcond.htm)Classical Conditioning: Classical Conditioning can also be boiled down to a very few specific key points; in this case, four (notice they come in pairs!): Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS), Unconditioned Response (UCR), Conditioned Stimulus (CS), Conditioned Response(CR).-UCS is any event that happens to us that naturally triggers a response (ex: the smell of your favorite food).-UCR is any response that we have naturally to an UCS (getting hungry (response) when we smell our favorite food (stimulus))-CS: Any formally neutral or non-response causing event that, through association, causes us to have a response (example below).-CR: Any response that we have learned through interaction with a previously neutral stimulus (example below)Ivan Pavlov believed that we learn through interaction with our environment and those things that are naturallyoccurring (sounds, smells, tastes, touches, ect). The fact that human beings and other creatures have responses to their environment or when good/bad things happen is common sense -- but Pavlov wanted to take it farther than that. He wanted to train an organism to have a specific response to an event/stimulus. Ivan Pavlov used his dogs to help him develop his theory. I will explain the way he came to his conclusions and also apply the above four key terms in the example.Pavlov noticed that when his the dogs saw their food bowls coming towards them (UCS) they would begin to drool/salivate (UCR). He decided to train them to salivate when a different stimulus/event happened, but he would first have to pair them together (or associate them). Pavlov started to ring a bell every time he would bring the dogs their food. In the beginning the dogs would still salivate only when the bowls were brought to them. But over time, the dogs began to associate the sound of the bell ringing with the food being brought to them. After much training, Pavlov was able to simply ring the bell (CS) and the dogs would begin drooling without food even being brought to them (CR). Pavlov had successfully trained his dogs to have a conditioned response (salivating) to a conditioned stimulus (bell ringing) simply by association of food and sound.Observational Learning: Observational Learning "is a type of learning in which a person learns new information and behaviors by observing the behaviors of others" (http://www.psychologyandsociety.com/observationlearning.html). Albert Bandura established Social Learning Theory, of which Observational Learning is a component.
