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Where would a subungual hematoma be located?
underneath a toenail or fingernail (black toenail)
What is the medical term meaning smashed fingernail?
Subungual Hematoma
What is the medical term meaning abnormal collection of blood under a fingernail or toenail?
A subungual hematoma is blood trapped under a nail. By the next day, it has the characteristic black or very dark blue appearance. It's the familiar "black nail" after whacking your finger with a hammer, for instance. Getting attention within hours of the accident can reduce pain and swelling; after the blood clots, however, the affected person just needs to wait until the swelling goes down naturally.
Outline in details the steps involved in performing a timed 5 minute surgical scrub?
The steps involved in performing a timed 5 minute surgical scrub include removal of all jewelry, cleaning hands using anitmicrobial soap, cleaning subungual areas, and scrubbing the arms.
What is the medical term meaning surgical removal of a fingernail or toenail?
The surgical removal (ablation) of the fingernail or toenail is referred to as an Onychectomy or onychotomy. Hopefully the nail will regrow in a normal fashion.When part or all of the nail bed (matrix) is removed, whether through surgery or chemical means, the procedure is called a Matrisectomy or matrixectomy. This permanently prevents the nail from regrowing.
How do you get dark nail polish stains off of your fingernails?
A painless and small subungual hematoma usually requires no treatment. However, the pressure generated by pooled blood under the nail can be extremely painful. To relieve the pain, you may get decompression, also called trephination, which allows the underlying blood to drain, relieving pressure and pain to the area.
Broken Toe Facts and Treatment?
Broken toe, commonly called a fracture, can occur when the toe is stubbed, something drops on the toe or prolonged repetitive stress or movement takes place. Symptoms occurring from broken toe include pain, swelling, stiffness and noticeable bruising at the injury site. The toe may look bent or deformed; walking and wearing shoes may be painful.Most broken toes can be treated through self-care:Elevate the foot above the heart as much as possible to relieve swelling, and prop the foot up with some pillows when sleeping. Apply an ice pack by filling a plastic bag with ice or using frozen peas or corn. Keep the ice pack on the toe for 15 to 20 minutes every 1 to 2 hours. Do this for 1 to 2 days. Protect the skin by wrapping the ice pack in a towel. Keep prolonged standing, walking and strenuous exercise to a minimum while the toe heels and use crutches if needed. Seek immediate care at an emergency facility if any of the following symptoms occur: Cold, numb, or tingling toes, blue or gray skin, open wounds, bleeding or drainage near the broken toe.Immediate complications may occur such as a nail injury and open fracture. Nail injury, called subungual hematoma, is a collection of blood beneath the toenail. A large subungual hematoma requires drainage by a doctor who makes a small hole in the toenail. A very large or painful hematoma may require removing the toenail.Although rare, the broken bone may stick out through the skin, referred to as a compound fracture.To prevent infection, the doctor carefully cleans the wound and prescribes antibiotic medication. In rarer cases surgery may be required. Later complications can include arthritis, pain, stiffness or deformity. This may also require surgery.As alternative therapy, the doctor may tape the injured toe to the toe next to it. This is called buddy taping. The doctor may prescribe a special shoe to wear if the foot or toes are extremely swollen. If the toe is dislocated or rotated, pointing in the wrong directions, the doctor may need to put it back in place using general anesthetic. Recovery from broken toes usually takes six weeks.
What causes flattened fingernails?
It seems that most answers for this include Vitamin B12 deficiencies. B12 is not always available even if taken as a pill because the stomach doesn;t have "intrinsic factor" an enzyme that makes B!@ available . B12 is stored in the liver and the easy way to get is is by a self administered monthly injection, just into a muscle. Other views on flattened nails seem to thin k it might be blood circulatory problem, see Raynaud's disease. Iron and zinc are mentioned too as being deficient. Overall there seems to be no clear answer, so if the nails have become flattened over the last few months, go get a check and a comprehensive blood panel including vitamin and hormones.
Warts?
DefinitionWarts are small, usually painless growths on the skin caused by a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV). They are generally harmless. However, warts can be disfiguring and embarrassing, and occasionally they itch or hurt (particularly on the feet).The different types of warts include:Common warts usually appear on the hands, but can appear anywhere.Flat warts are generally found on the face and forehead. They are common in children, less common in teens, and rare in adults.Genital warts(condyloma) are usually found on the genitals, in the pubic area, and in the area between the thighs, but they can also appear inside the vagina and anal canal. (See: Genital warts for more information)Plantar warts are found on the soles of the feet.Subungual and periungual warts appear under and around the fingernails or toenails.Alternative NamesPlane juvenile warts; Periungual warts; Subungual warts; Plantar warts; Verruca; Verrucae planae juveniles; Filiform warts; Verruca vulgarisCauses, incidence, and risk factorsThe typical wart is a raised round or oval growth on the skin with a rough surface. Compared with the surrounding normal skin, warts may appear light, dark, or black (rare). Most adults are familiar with the look of a typical wart and have little trouble recognizing it. Unusual warts with smooth surfaces or flat warts in children may be more difficult for parents to recognize.Common warts tend to cause no discomfort unless they are in areas of repeated friction or pressure. Plantar warts, for example, can become extremely painful. Large numbers of plantar warts on the foot may cause difficulty walking or running.Some warts will disappear without treatment, although it can sometimes take a couple of years. Treated or not, warts that go away often reappear. All warts can spread from one part of your own body to another.Unsightly or painful warts can be treated. Warts around and under your nails are much more difficult to cure than warts in other places.SymptomsAbnormally dark or light skin surrounding the lesionNumerous small, smooth, flat (pinhead sized) lesions on forehead, cheeks, arms, or legsRough growths around or under fingernails or toenailsRough, round, or oval lesions on soles of feet -- flat to slightly raised -- painful to pressureSmall, hard, flat or raised skin lesion or lumpSigns and testsWarts can generally be diagnosed simply by their location and appearance. Your doctor may want to cut into a wart (called a biopsy) to confirm that it is not a corn, callus, skin cancer, or other similar-appearing growth.TreatmentOver-the-counter medications can remove warts. These are applied to the wart every day for several weeks. DO NOT use these medications on your face or genitals. It helps to file the wart down when damp (for example, after a bath or shower) before applying these medications. DO NOT treat warts on your face or genitals yourself. See your health care provider.Pain and pressure from plantar warts can be treated with special cushions that are available at drug stores.Your health care provider may use stronger (prescription) medications, such as podophylin or salicylic acid, for removal of persistent warts. Surgical removal or removal by freezing (cryotherapy), burning (electrocautery), or laser treatment may be needed.Immunotherapy, done by injecting a substance that causes an allergic reaction, may also be considered by your health care provider. A topical medication called imiquimod may also be used.A vaccine called Gardasil prevents infection against the strains of viruses that often cause genital warts and cervical cancer in women.DO NOT attempt to remove a wart yourself by burning, cutting, tearing, picking, or any other method.Expectations (prognosis)Warts are generally harmless growths that often go away on their own within 2 years. They can be contagious, but transmission from person to person is uncommon. Warts may be unsightly or cause discomfort, especially on the feet.ComplicationsSpread of wartsReturn of warts that disappearedMinor scar formation if the wart is removedFormation of keloids after removalCalling your health care providerCall for an appointment with your doctor if:There are signs of infection (red streaking, pus, discharge, or fever) or bleeding. Warts can bleed a little, but if bleeding is significant or not easily stopped by light pressure, see a doctor.The wart does not respond to self-care and you want it removed.You have pain associated with the wart.You have anal or genital warts.You have diabetes or a weakened immune system (for example, HIV) and have developed warts.There is any change in the color or appearance of the wart.PreventionAvoid direct skin contact with a wart on someone else.After filing your wart, wash the file carefully since you can spread the virus to other parts of your body.After touching any of your warts, wash your hands carefully.ReferencesWarts, herpes simplex, and other viral infections. In: Habif TP, ed. Clinical Dermatology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2009:chap 12.Gibbs S, et al. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD001781.
What are the neurological symptoms of tuberous sclerosis?
What are the signs and symptoms of TSC?TSC can affect many different systems of the body, causing a variety of signs and symptoms. Signs of the disorder vary depending on which system and which organs are involved. The natural course of TSC varies from individual to individual, with symptoms ranging from very mild to quite severe. In addition to the benign tumors that frequently occur in TSC, other common symptoms include seizures, mental retardation, behavior problems, and skin abnormalities. Tumors can grow in nearly any organ, but they most commonly occur in the brain, kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin. Malignant tumors are rare in TSC. Those that do occur primarily affect the kidneys.Kidney problems such as cysts and angiomyolipomas occur in an estimated 70 to 80 percent of individuals with TSC, usually occurring between ages 15 and 30. Cysts are usually small, appear in limited numbers, and cause no serious problems. Approximately 2 percent of individuals with TSC develop large numbers of cysts in a pattern similar to polycystic kidney disease2 during childhood. In these cases, kidney function is compromised and kidney failure occurs. In rare instances, the cysts may bleed, leading to blood loss and anemia.Angiomyolipomas-benign growths consisting of fatty tissue and muscle cells-are the most common kidney lesions in TSC. These growths are seen in the majority of TSC patients, but are also found in about one of every 300 people without TSC. Angiomyolipomas caused by TSC are usually found in both kidneys and in most cases they produce no symptoms. However, they can sometimes grow so large that they cause pain or kidney failure. Bleeding from angiomyolipomas may also occur, causing both pain and weakness. If severe bleeding does not stop naturally, there may severe blood loss, resulting in profound anemia and a life-threatening drop in blood pressure, warranting urgent medical attention.Other rare kidney problems include renal cell carcinoma, developing from an angiomyolipoma, and oncocytomas, benign tumors unique to individuals with TSC.Three types of brain tumors are associated with TSC: cortical tubers, for which the disease is named, generally form on the surface of the brain, but may also appear in the deep areas of the brain; subependymal nodules, which form in the walls of the ventricles-the fluid-filled cavities of the brain; and giant-cell tumors (astrocytomas), a type of tumor that can grow and block the flow of fluids within the brain, causing a buildup of fluid and pressure and leading to headaches and blurred vision.Tumors called cardiac rhabdomyomas are often found in the hearts of infants and young children with TSC. If the tumors are large or there are multiple tumors, they can block circulation and cause death. However, if they do not cause problems at birth-when in most cases they are at their largest size-they usually become smaller with time and do not affect the individual in later life.Benign tumors called phakomas are sometimes found in the eyes of individuals with TSC, appearing as white patches on the retina. Generally they do not cause vision loss or other vision problems, but they can be used to help diagnose the disease.Additional tumors and cysts may be found in other areas of the body, including the liver, lung, and pancreas. Bone cysts, rectal polyps, gum fibromas, and dental pits may also occur.A wide variety of skin abnormalities may occur in individuals with TSC. Most cause no problems but are helpful in diagnosis. Some cases may cause disfigurement, necessitating treatment. The most common skin abnormalities include:Hypomelanic macules ("ash leaf spots"), which are white or lighter patches of skin that may appear anywhere on the body and are caused by a lack of skin pigment or melanin-the substance that gives skin its color.Reddish spots or bumps called facial angiofibromas (also called adenoma sebaceum), which appear on the face (sometimes resembling acne) and consist of blood vessels and fibrous tissue.Raised, discolored areas on the forehead called forehead plaques, which are common and unique to TSC and may help doctors diagnose the disorder.Areas of thick leathery, pebbly skin called shagreen patches, usually found on the lower back or nape of the neck.Small fleshy tumors called ungual or subungual fibromas that grow around and under the toenails or fingernails and may need to be surgically removed if they enlarge or cause bleeding. These usually appear later in life, ages 20 - 50.Other skin features that are not unique to individuals with TSC, including molluscum fibrosum or skin tags, which typically occur across the back of the neck and shoulders, café au lait spots or flat brown marks, and poliosis, a tuft or patch of white hair that may appear on the scalp or eyelids.TSC can cause seizures and varying degrees of mental disability. Seizures of all types may occur, including infantile spasms; tonic-clonic seizures (also known as grand mal seizures); or tonic, akinetic, atypical absence, myoclonic, complex partial, or generalized seizures.Approximately one-half to two-thirds of individuals with TSC have mental disabilities ranging from mild learning disabilities to severe mental retardation. Behavior problems, including aggression, sudden rage, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, acting out, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and repetitive, destructive, or self-harming behavior, often occur in children with TSC, and can be difficult to manage. Some individuals with TSC may also have a developmental disorder called autism.
