The usual indication of running as the administrator in Unix is show a prompt that contains the '#' character as either the prompt or part of the prompt.
The prompt is an indication that the system is waiting for work to do, i.e. waiting for you type in a command.
The secondary prompt (PS2) is used to prompt the user with whatever string they want to indicate a command continuation line. For example, if I use the standard PS2 prompt and type in the command: cat abc def \ The shell will prompt me for the rest of the line with a ? mark or some other character. I usually set my secondary prompt for something more interesting, such as: PS2='more ? ' So that I know that the shell wants more information before executing the command line.
Command Prompt is the command-line interpreter used within the Windows operating system. As Mac OS X is based on the Unix operating system it uses the a Unix Shell command-line interpreter. You can access the Shell by running the Terminal application which can be found in the Utilities folder which is within the Applications folder.
In Windows and Unix-based and Unix-like systems, the command is mkdir (however in Windows a shortcut md can be used as well).
The 'type' command does approximately (but not exactly) the same thing as the 'cat' command.
A GUI can be used in Unix (in fact, several). Most power users don't use the GUI because it can be too limiting. The power of what you can do in Unix is at the command line, not using a GUI to click on buttons. Of course, this could be said about most operating systems; the GUI is there for user convenience but most administrators use the command line for most of their work.
Use the shell variable PS1 to set the command prompt to whatever you need.
You really can't. There is nothing in a prompt that would give that information.
You can log in via telnet or ssh protocol for a command line prompt environment to Unix, or you can use a graphical user interface such as KDE or Gnome, or the CDE environment via X-windows. In any of these protocols, you must supply a username and password to successfully log into the Unix system.
Yes, Unix has several variants of Graphical User Interfaces that may be used instead of the command line if the user wishes it.
Unix and Unix-like systems would be referred to as command interpreters because of the nature of their interface. These systems are interacted with via a shell (i.e. Bash), which is a 'command-line interface' where the user types in text commands and they are executed by the system. This is in contrast with modern operating systems where the primary method of interaction is via a 'graphical user interface' or GUI, where the system is represented with graphics (like windows, cursors, toolbars etc.). These modern OS's still include command-line interfaces, like Command Prompt in Windows and the Terminal in OSX.
Use the 'grep' command