The 'type' command does approximately (but not exactly) the same thing as the 'cat' command.
In Windows and Unix-based and Unix-like systems, the command is mkdir (however in Windows a shortcut md can be used as well).
A Unix shell can be obtained in Cygwin, a Unix compatibility layer used to compile Unix programs and run them on Windows. Microsoft also makes a shell known as "Windows PowerShell" which incorporates more Unix-like features than the standard command prompt.
The usual indication of running as the administrator in Unix is show a prompt that contains the '#' character as either the prompt or part of the prompt.
You need a compiler. Gcc or g++ can be run from a unix shell, or a windows implementation of one like cygwin.
The prompt is an indication that the system is waiting for work to do, i.e. waiting for you type in a command.
dig
nslookup
Believe it or not, nslookup.
UNIX is a command-based OS. In contrast, Windows is a menu-based OS.
Command Prompt is the command-line interpreter used within the Windows operating system. As Mac OS X is based on the Unix operating system it uses the a Unix Shell command-line interpreter. You can access the Shell by running the Terminal application which can be found in the Utilities folder which is within the Applications folder.
Use the shell variable PS1 to set the command prompt to whatever you need.
You really can't. There is nothing in a prompt that would give that information.