retrograde motion
Stars appear to shift westward because of the Earth's daily rotation. Also, there is a slower westward movement because of the annual motion of the Earth around the Sun.
parallax
"Parallax shift". We can't SEE the difference in position of any star as seen from the Earth 6 months later or earlier, but by measuring the very tiny differences in the positions of the more distant stars, we can observe the "parallax" of a star and thus calculate its distance. This only works for stars less than about 300 light years from Earth.
The apparent westward movement of a planet is known as retrograde motion. This phenomenon occurs when a superior planet passes Earth in its orbit, making it appear to move backward in the sky relative to the stars.
Actually, the apparent westward drift of the planet compared to the background stars is known as retrograde motion. It occurs when Earth, which moves faster in its orbit, overtakes and passes the slower-moving outer planets, making them appear to reverse their usual eastward movement in the sky.
The apparent westward shift of star patterns from night to night is due to Earth's rotation on its axis. As Earth rotates, the position of an observer on the planet changes in relation to the stars, causing them to appear to move across the sky in an eastward direction. This movement creates the illusion of stars shifting westward in the night sky.
The earth is constantly moving eastward, so the stars appear to move westward. This is an optical illusion that is supported by Newton's 3rd Law (every action has an equal and opposite reaction).
The device used for showing the movement of the stars and planets on a curved ceiling is called an orrery. This mechanical model demonstrates the relative positions and motions of celestial bodies in the solar system.
West to east. This is also the direction of the Moon with respect to the stars. As seen from Earth, planets sometimes go from east to west and sometimes from west to east, but the west to east movement is the predominating movement - therefore that movement is called prograde, while east to west is called retrograde.
Planets generally travel from east to west across the night sky due to the rotation of the Earth. However, they also exhibit a phenomenon called retrograde motion, where they appear to move westward temporarily against the backdrop of stars. This is caused by the relative positions and motions of the Earth and the planets in their orbits around the Sun. Overall, the predominant motion is eastward, but retrograde motion can create occasional westward movement.
All stars can be used to tell which direction you are travelling in as the movement of the earth is in a consistant direction, allowing you to compare your movement with the direction that the stars are travelling in.
It's pretty easy. They move west at approximately 15 degrees per hour. Outside of that (which is a result of Earth's rotation, not an actual movement of the stars), most stars don't move appreciably over a human lifetime.