There are a number of optical devices used on firearms. The most common is a telescoping sight, usually referred to as a "scope". There are others however, that while optical, do not magnify the image. These are sometimes referred to as "red dot" sights, and they use a sighting method that seems to suspend a red dot in the air where the bullet impact will be. Another version of the same thing is referred to as a "holographic" sight.
Corn Pie
another name is poopy
There are several. You can attach laser sights, silencers, flashlights.
f-stop is the common name for the ratio of optical diameter expressed as a function of focal depth.
The common name for the timekeeping device sometimes known as a shadow clock is a sundial.
I believe you are referring to "cartridge." The cartridge is the entire assembly of the bullet, primer, powder charge, and casing.
A sphygmomanometer is a device used to measure blood pressure. A more common name for this device is a blood pressure meter.
A conventional hard disk is magnetic.
The common name for these is "Smart Board"
firearm
It depends on what you mean. There is no specific name for a defective firearm other than to say it's defective.
In my optical shop, his name is Brian. Brian's job title is Optician.