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Approximately $10,000 a year.
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What are the old row fraternities at university at Alabama?
DKE, SAE, Sig Nu, KA, Phi Gam.
What is Dwyane Wade's favorite song?
i dke ..
What does WG stand for with dke?
It's psi Dke's best kept secret you must go through psi's pledgeship which is argueably the hardest pledgeship in the nation.
Show that derivative of kinetic energy is equal to force times velocity?
dKE/dt = P= F.v Where KE is Kinetic Energy and P is Power.
How do you think hieroglyphs developed by a Native American group living in the Arctic might differ?
By saving more toys and helping the poor and having more babys
What is the relationship between heat added to a system and the internal energy and external work done by the system?
The energy balance equation is this: dKE + dPE +dU = Qin - Wout If they don't give you anything in the problem about changes in kinetic or potential energies then just assume that there's no change in them so they can be crossed out leaving dU = Qin - Wout
What is vodafone MD email id?
Respected Sir/Mam,I am Customer of your Vodafone Company. My Vodafone No. is 8800176580. My complained is 16/April/2012 , 07:24 P.M Vodafone sent to me 1 massage regarding for "My Paper is not submit in Vodafone Company". 16/April/2012, 09:50 P.M I was called to customer care and my call received Mr. Satish (Tele Caller) and some one other person. They were saying to me "your document is not submit and cut my phone". 17/April/2012, 12:15 P.M I was going to Vodafone store K-98, Ist Floor, Veer Sawakar Marg Lajpat Nagar-2, New Delhi-110024. My Visit No is 264 and and your Customer Officer (Ms. Divya, Table No. D) say's to me today evening (17/April/2012) your Vodafone No. will be activated. But 07:30 P.M to This Time no response. Then I am again visit to Vodafone store and Meet Mr. Ishan (Manager of Vodafone Store) He was say's to me it's Technical Problem and you are not understand for technical word. Then I asked some question regards to my number so his behavior was not good even (he say's to ds vki tgka tk ldrs gS ogka pys tk,a] ;gka rks ,sls gh dke gksxkA) and just go and your complaint will given to other jurisdiction.I request u please solve my problem and as per as soon activate my number. And Please you will give training your staff "how to handle the customer".Thanks & RegardsAshutosh Sharma8800176580, 9999391518
What was the 2007 mobile phone?
Maybe n95 8gb or E90 or E51 or htc shift the ultimate mobile computer. I,ve included the sales package contents so you can decide which one to buy.N95 8gb classsifications: Operating Frequency * WCDMA 2100 MHz (HSDPA), EGSM 900 MHz, GSM 850/1800/1900 MHz (EGPRS) * Automatic switching between bands and modesDimensions * Volume: 96 cc * Weight: 128 g * Length(max): 99 mm * Width(max): 53 mm * Thickness(max): 21 mmMemory Functions * Up to 100MB internal dynamic memory for messages, ringing tones, images, video clips, calendar notes, to-do list and applications * Up to 8GB internal flash memory for multimedia content such as music, pictures, ringing tones, map data*Changes to product details are possible without prior notice. Application offering may vary. Dynamic memory means that the available memory is shared between dynamic memory functions. When any of these functions is used, there is less available memory for other functions which are also dependent on dynamic memory. Power Management * Battery: Nokia Battery (BL-6F) 1200mAH * Talk time: up to 3.5 hrs (WCDMA), up to 5 hrs (GSM)* * Stand-by time: up to 11.5 days (WCDMA and GSM)**Operation times may vary depending on radio access technology used, operator network configuration and usage. Display * Large 2.8" QVGA (240 x 320 pixels) TFT display with ambient light detector and up to 16.7 million colorsUser Interface * Operating system: Symbian OS version 9.2 * User interface: S60 3rd Edition * Dedicated media keys * Multimedia menu * Active standby screenCall Management * Contacts: advanced contacts database with support for multiple phone and e-mail details per entry, also supports thumbnail pictures and groups * Speed dialing * Logs: keeps lists of your dialed, received, and missed calls * Automatic redial * Automatic answer (works with compatible headset or car kit only) * Supports fixed dialing number, which allows calls only to predefined numbers * Conference call * Nokia Push to talk (PoC)Voice Features * Speaker independent name dialing (SIND) * Voice commands * Voice recorder * Video ringtones * Integrated handsfree speakerMessaging * Text messaging: supports concatenated SMS, picture messaging, SMS distribution list * Multimedia messaging: combine image, video, text, and audio clip and send as MMS to a compatible phone or PC; use MMS to tell your story with a multi-slide presentation * Automatic resizing of your megapixel images to fit MMS (max 300 KB size depending on the network) * Predictive text input: support for all major languages in Europe and Asia-PacificData Transfer* * WCDMA 2100 (HSDPA) with simultaneous voice and packet data (PS max speed UL/DL= 384/3.6MB, CS max speed 64kbps) * Dual Transfer Mode (DTM) support for simultaneous voice and packet data connection in GSM/EDGE networks. Simple class A, multi slot class 11, max speed DL/UL: 177.6/118.4 kbits/s * EGPRS class B, multi slot class 32, max speed DL/UL= 296 / 177.6 kbits/s * GPRS class B, multi slot class 32, max speed DL/UL= 107 / 64.2 kbits/s*Actual achieved speeds may vary depending on network support. Digital Services * Java™ and Symbian applications available from Nokia Software Market * Java™ MIDP 2.0, CLDC 1.1 * Flash Lite 2.0Imaging and video* Up to 5 megapixel (2592 x 1944 pixels) camera, Carl Zeiss optics, Tessar lens, MPEG-4 VGA video capture of up to 30 fps * Direct connection to compatible TV via Nokia Video Connectivity Cable (CA-75U, included in box) or wireless LAN/UPnP * Front camera, CIF (352 x 288) sensor * Video call and video sharing support (WCDMA network services) * Integrated flash * Digital stereo microphone * Flash modes: on, off, automatic, red-eye reduction * Online album/blog: photo/video uploading from gallery * Nokia Lifeblog 2.0 support * Video and still image editorsMobile Video * Video resolutions: up to VGA (640x480 pixels) at 30 fps * Audio recording: AAC mono * Digital video stabilization * Video playback: up to 215 min (VGA, 30fps) * Video file format .mp4 (default), .3gp (for MMS) * White balance: automatic, sunny, cloudy, incandescent, fluorescent * Scene: automatic, night * Color tones: normal, sepia, black & white, negative, vivid * Zoom: digital up to 10x (VGA up to 4x)Mobile Photography * Image resolution: up to 5 megapixel: (2592 x 1944 pixels) * Still image file format: JPEG/EXIF * Auto focus * Auto exposure - center weighted * Exposure compensation: +2 ~ -2EV at 0.5 step * White balance: automatic, sunny, cloudy, incandescent, fluorescent * Scene: automatic, user, close-up, portrait, landscape, sports, night, night portrait * Color tone: normal, sepia, black & white, negative, vivid * Zoom: digital up to 20x (5 megapixel up to 6x) * Viewfinder gridCamera Specifications * Sensor: CMOS 5 megapixel (2592 x 1944 pixels) * Carl Zeiss optics: Tessar lens * Focal length 5.6 mm * Focus range 10 cm ~ infinity * Macro focus distance 10-50 cm * Shutter speed: mechanical shutter: 1/1000~1/4 sMusic Features* Digital music player - supports MP3/AAC/AAC+/eAAC/eAAC+/WMA/M4A with playlists and equalizer * Integrated handsfree speaker * OMA DRM 2.0 & WMDRM support for music * Stereo FM radio (87.5-108MHz /76-90MHz)**Stereo sound can only be heard with a compatible stereo headset.Visual Radio* * Listen to music and interact with your favorite radio stations * Find out what song is playing, who sings it, and other artist information * Enter contests and answer surveys, vote for your favorite songs* To check the availability and cost of the service, contact your network operator or service provider.Navigation* Built-in GPS with A-GPS support **A-GPS is a network dependant feature that requires a data plan. Additional charges may apply. E-mail * Easy-to-use e-mail client with attachment support for most images, videos, music and documents * Compatible with Nokia Wireless Keyboard (sold separately)Browsing * Nokia Web Browser with Mini MapDigital home * Play video, music and photos on home media network- compatible TV, stereo and PC over WLAN/UPnP (Universal Plug and Play)Java Applications * Java MIDP 2.0, CLDC 1.1 (Connected Limited Device Configuration (J2ME)) * Over-the-air download of Java-based applications and gamesOther Applications * Personal Information Management (PIM) * Advanced S60 PIM features including calendar, contacts, to-do list, and PIM printing * Settings Wizard for easy configuration of e-mail, push to talk and video sharing * Data transfer application for transfer of PIM information from other compatible Nokia devices. * WLAN wizardConnectivity * Integrated wireless LAN (802.11 b/g) and UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) * Bluetooth wireless technology with A2DP (Bluetooth stereo audio) * USB 2.0 via Micro USB interface and mass storage class support to support drag and drop functionality * 3.5 mm stereo headphone plug (Nokia AV Connector) and TV out support (PAL/NTSC) * Nokia Nseries PC Suite connectivity with USB and Bluetooth wireless technology * Local synchronization of contacts and calendar to a compatible PC using Nokia Nseries PC Suite * Remote over-the-air synchronization * Send and receive images, video clips, graphics, and business cards via Bluetooth wireless technologyRealPlayer Media Player* Full-screen video playback on the device to view downloaded, streamed or recorded video clips * Stream media files from compatible media portals * Supported video formats: MPEG-4, H.264, H.263/3GPP, RealVideo 8/9/10Standard Sales Package Contents** Nokia N95 8GB * Nokia Battery BL-6F, 1200 mAh * Nokia Travel Charger AC-5 * Nokia Music Headset HS-45, AD-54 * Nokia Connectivity Cable DKE-2 * Nokia Video Connectivity Cable CA-75U *Sales package content may vary by region.Nokia E90 classifications:Browse the Internet and transfer media-rich files via HSDPA (up to 3.6 Mbit/s enabled) and 3G high-speed mobile broadband* Increase mobile productivity with applications for viewing and editing documents * Talk on every continent with quad-band GSM and automatic switching between bands * Access voice and data functions quickly and easily with convenient shortcut keys * Locate meeting venues, restaurants, and places of interest with the integrated GPS * Send images captured with the integrated 3.2 megapixel camera with flash and autofocusGSM quad-band (850/900/1800/1900) MHz WCDMA 2100 MHz* WCDMA 2100Volume: 140 cc* Weight: 210 g * Width: 57 mm * Length: 132 mm * Thickness (max): 20 mmS60 Platform 3.1 Edition* Symbian OS Version 9.2 * Java™ MIDP 2.0Inner: Active matrix color display (800 x 352 pixels), 16 million true colors* Outer: Active matrix color display (240 x 320 pixels), 16 million true colors3.2 megapixel camera with flash and autofocus* QCIF camera for video callingVideo calling* FM radio * Music player (MP3, AAC) * Realplayer (streaming audio, video and MP4 video files)Up to 128MB free memory for user data and applications* Extendible up to 2GB with microSD memory cardSupports POP3, IMAP4, and SMTP Support for mobile email, including Nokia Intellisync Wireless Email 8. and a variety of third-party email clients: Mail for Exchange 1.5 (delivered via Nokia Downloads! Application), Visto Mobile v5.5, and RIM BlackBerry Connect v2.1* designtimesp="18928">View, open, and edit email attachments with Quickoffice (documents, spreadsheets, and presentations), Zip Manager, and Adobe Acrobat Reader * Instant messaging --> * Text-to-speech message reader * MMS and SMSQuickoffice tools with editors* Maps application for location-based services * Nokia Office Tools 1.1 (including Active notes) * VoIP 2.1 * Download! Application to get more applications * Support for Nokia Intellisync Mobile Suite * WorldMate, Wireless Presenter, and Global Race - Raging Thunder - available for download via Downloads! applicationIntegrated WLAN* ** WLAN: 802.11b, 802.11g* ** WLAN Security: WPA2-Enterprise, WPA2-Personal, WPA-Enterprise, WPA-Personal ** WLAN Quality of Service: WMM, U-APSD * Mini USB, USB 2.0 full-speed * Bluetooth wireless technology 2.0 * 2.5mm Nokia audio jack * Infrared (up to 115 kbps) < p>Web browser (x)HTML* JavaScript 1.3 and 1.5 supported * Flash Lite 2.0 supportedWLAN 802.11b, WLAN 802.11g** HSDPA up to 3.6Mbit/s enabled * WCDMA 2100 MHz with simultaneous voice and packet data * GPRS/EGPRS (Class A, MSC 32) * 3GPP rel 5 * Dual transfer mode MSC11, SAIC rel v1 < p WiFi>Voice dialing* Voice commands for menu short cuts, keypad lock, and profiles * Voice recording for making notes or recording conversations * Internet Call release 2.1 for making VoIP (voice over IP) calls * Text-to-speech message reader * Enhanced voice commands with speaker-independent name dialing (SIND), and voice aid for eyes-free control of core functions * Integrated handsfree speaker * Push to talk (PoC)Nokia Team Suite* Calendar attachment support * Meeting requests to calendar * Contacts with images * Nokia Active Notes applicationIntegrated GPS* Support for Nokia Intellisync file sync and device management * Stereo FM radio * Vibrating alert featureNokia E90 Communicator* Nokia Battery BP-4L (1500 mAh) * Nokia Wired stereo headset (HS-47) * Nokia Travel Charger (AC-4) * Nokia Connectivity cable (DKE-2) * Memory card (microSD 512MB) - content may vary at country level * Quick Start guide * User manual * DVD ROM including the Nokia PC suite application * Leather Pouch{| ! Battery ! Talk time* ! Standby time* | BP-4L GSM: Up to 5 hrs Up to 14 days GSM*Operation times vary depending on the network and usage. Nokia E51 classifications: * Thin design loaded with features to help balance your business and leisure time * Access your email while on the go with support for most leading corporate and personal email applications * Browse the web and email with high speed 3G, HSDPA, or WLAN connection * Make lower cost voice calls over the internet with the built-in WLAN * Stay connected to the people and information you need with a long battery life and large internal memory * Take pictures and capture video with the 2 megapixel camera with 4x digital zoom * Listen to the latest hits with FM Visual Radio or play your favorite tunes on the MP3 music playerGSM 850/900/1800/1900, WCDMA 850/2100 MHzDimensions: 114.8 x 46 x 12 mm* Weight: 100 g * Volume: 61 cc* 2" (240 x 320 pixels), active-matrix color display supports up to 16 million colorsS60 3.1 Edition* 5-way navigation key, two soft keys, and send and end call keys * Nokia Eseries keys for quick access to contacts, calendar, email, and the device's home screen (Active standby) * Enhanced Active standby for business: gives you quick access to your favorite applications and a summary of the day's activities, right from your device's main screen * Mute key and volume keys on the right side * Push to talk*/voice recorder key on the left side * Power key on top of the device * Ambient light sensor * LED indicator light for new email and SMS/MMS messages, and missed call indication *Support for this feature varies by region2 megapixel camera with 4 x digital zoom for high quality still imaging and video capture* Video streaming and playback with H.264 (MPEG-4), 3gpp, and Real codecs * Video recording in H.263 (3gpp) and MPEG-4 * Video calling* MP3 music player * Compatible with Bluetooth stereo headsets * FM Visual Radio: lets you see information about songs or artists, and read up on celebrity newsUp to 130 MB of user data memory* Expandable up to 4 GB with hot swappable microSD cardEmail with support for POP3, IMAP4, and SMTP protocols, attachment viewers, dedicated email key, and LED indicator for new email messages* Email support for a wide variety of third-party solutions including: Mail for Exchange, Visto Mobile, and Seven Always-on * Option to select desired email account to read/write messages from * Instant messaging (supports Yahoo, AOL, OMA 1.2, MSN) * SMS text messages * MMS for sending messages with pictures, video clips, and audio clips attachedJava™ MIDP 2.0 applications* Nokia Office Tools 2.0 including Nokia Team Suite, In-device Search, Quickoffice, Macromedia PDF reader, Zip manager, File manager, and Active Notes: ** Nokia Team Suite provides easy to use UI for organizing and facilitating group conference calls, email messages, or text messages ** In-device Search enables user to easily find data in device. For example, messages, email calendar data, and contacts can be searched easily via this application ** Quickoffice provides viewers for Microsoft Excel©, Word© and PowerPoint© documents ** Macromedia PDF reader enables user to view PDF documents ** Zip manager provides means for managing ZIP files received - for example, as an email attachment ** File manager for accessing data on user disk or memory card ** Active Notes enable users to create notes containing rich text and multimedia items (e.g. pictures, voice clips, video clips). Notes can be synchronized to PC and browsed there via any XHTML compatible web browser * Download! Tool for easy application downloads straight to your device * Voice solutions: support for Nokia Intellisync Call Connect for Cisco, Nokia Intellisync Call Connect for Alcatel (all sold separately) * Nokia Maps application integrated into device * Support for Nokia Intellisync Mobile Suite with email, file synchronization, voice, and device management * Support for Symantec, F-Secure, McAfee, and Trend Micro antivirus software. Applications are available via Download! Tool * Support for Pointsec encryption security application. Application is available via Download! Tool * Worldmate: an application with weather, world clocks, and a currency converter to assist you while traveling. Application is available via Download! Tool * Supports Windows Live providing mobile access to Windows Live Messenger, Windows Live Search, Windows Live Spaces, Windows Live Hotmail. Application is available via Download! Tool * Yahoo! Go: get your email, news, maps, and more all from the same customized webpage. Application is available via Download! ToolSupports MP3, MPEG-4, AAC, eAAC+, WMA, AMR-NB, and AMR-WB formatsIntegrated WLAN (IEEE 802.11g) with WLAN wizard: searches for available WLAN networks* Bluetooth 2.0 specification with enhanced data rate (EDR) * Micro USB connector, USB 2.0 full-speed * 2.5 mm Nokia A/V connector * IrDA (115 kbps)(x)HTML web browserGPRS/EGPRS (Class A, multi-slot class 32)* Dual mode transfer multi-slot class 11 for simultaneous voice calls and browsing * HSDPA (high-speed downlink protocol access) up to 3.6 Mbit/s (3G) * Local data synchronization with Nokia PC SuitePush to talk (PTT or PoC)** Integrated handsfree speakerphone * Voice over IP (VoIP) using WLAN * Voice recorder * Text-to-speech feature: hear your messages read aloud to you from your device *Not available in the US and CanadaContacts, calendar and to-do list: supports PC synchronization with Microsoft Outlook and Lotus Notes via Nokia PC SuiteNokia Intellisync Device Management (sold separately)* OMA (Open Mobile Appliance) Device Management 1.1.2 * OMA Client Provisioning 1.1 * OMA Data synchronization 1.2 (no email) * Over the internet (OTI) firmware updateNokia E51* Nokia Battery 1050 mAh * Nokia Travel Charger AC-5 * Nokia Connectivity Cable DKE-2 * Nokia Headset HS-47 * Nokia E51 CD ROM * Quickstart guide * User guide * Cleaning cloth! Battery ! Talk time ! Standby time | Battery 1050 mAh Up to 4.4 hours Up to 13 days Operation times vary depending on radio access technology, network, and usage. Htc Shift classifications:Always-on access to critical information with HTC SnapVUE™ Receive instant e-mails with Microsoft® Direct Push technology up to 2 days on battery standby Powerful enough to give you the full Windows Vista® experience Revolutionary small form factor gives you portability without compromising mobility Adjustable 7-inch touch screen Mouse buttons and microPad Worldwide UMTS with HSDPA Bluetooth® 2.0 and Wi-Fi® USB 2.0 connectivity Fingerprint sensor Specifications Processor and Chipset Intel® Stealey 800MHz + 945GMS + ICH7U; Qualcomm® MSM 7200, 400MHz Operating System Windows Vista® Business Memory RAM: 1GB DDR2 microDIMM RAM for Vista + 64 MB for SnapVUE™ROM: 128 MB for SnapVUE Hard Disk 1.8-inch 40 GB or 60 GB hard disk (manufacturer's option) Dimensions 207 mm (L) x 129 mm (W) x 25 mm (T) Weight 800g with battery Display 7-inch, 800 x 480 TFT-LCD display with adjustable screen angle and touch-sensitive screen Network HSDPA/UMTS: Tri-band 850, 1900, 2100 MHzHSDPA: Up to 3.6Mbps for download and 384kbps for upload UMTS: Up to 384kbps for download and uploadGSM/GPRS/EDGE: Quad-band 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz (The device will operate on frequencies available from the cellular network) Keyboard Slide-out QWERTY keyboard Mouse Control Left/right mouse buttons and microPad Wireless Connections Bluetooth® 2.0 Wi-Fi®. IEEE 802.11 b/g GPS Standalone GPS I/O Ports 1 USB 2.0, VGA out, and 3.5mm stereo audio out with microphone Card Slots 1.8/3V USIM/SIM card slot SDIO slot with hotswap functionality Security Fingerprint sensor Web Camera Color CMOS VGA camera for videoconferencing Audio Built-in microphone and dual speakers Battery 2700 mAh rechargeable Lithium-ion polymer batteryVista® operating time: Up to 2 hoursSnapVUE™ standby time (push e-mail enabled): Up to 53 hours SnapVUE™ standby time (push e-mail disabled): Up to 11 days AC Adapter Voltage range/frequency: 90 ~ 265V AC, 47/63Hz DC output: 12Vdc, 3A max.Here are the web address of the phones:Nokia N95 8gbNokia E90Nokia E51Htc Shift |}
Draw class diagram of placement cell?
General graph databases that can store any graph are distinct from specialized graph databases such as triplestores and network databases. An array DBMS is a kind of NoSQL DBMS that allows modeling, storage, and retrieval of (usually large) multi-dimensional arrays such as satellite images and climate simulation output. In a hypertext or hypermedia database, any word or a piece of text representing an object, e.g., another piece of text, an article, a picture, or a film, can be hyperlinked to that object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing large amounts of disparate information. For example, they are useful for organizing online encyclopedias, where users can conveniently jump around the text. The World Wide Web is thus a large distributed hypertext database. A knowledge base (abbreviated KB, kb or Δ) is a special kind of database for knowledge management, providing the means for the computerized collection, organization, and retrieval of knowledge. Also a collection of data representing problems with their solutions and related experiences.A mobile database can be carried on or synchronized from a mobile computing device. Operational databases store detailed data about the operations of an organization. They typically process relatively high volumes of updates using transactions. Examples include customer databases that record contact, credit, and demographic information about a business's customers, personnel databases that hold information such as salary, benefits, skills data about employees, enterprise resource planning systems that record details about product components, parts inventory, and financial databases that keep track of the organization's money, accounting and financial dealings. A parallel database seeks to improve performance through parallelization for tasks such as loading data, building indexes and evaluating queries.The major parallel DBMS architectures which are induced by the underlying hardware architecture are: Shared memory architecture, where multiple processors share the main memory space, as well as other data storage. Shared disk architecture, where each processing unit (typically consisting of multiple processors) has its own main memory, but all units share the other storage. Shared nothing architecture, where each processing unit has its own main memory and other storage.Probabilistic databases employ fuzzy logic to draw inferences from imprecise data. Real-time databases process transactions fast enough for the result to come back and be acted on right away. A spatial database can store the data with multidimensional features. The queries on such data include location-based queries, like "Where is the closest hotel in my area?". A temporal database has built-in time aspects, for example a temporal data model and a temporal version of SQL. More specifically the temporal aspects usually include valid-time and transaction-time. A terminology-oriented database builds upon an object-oriented database, often customized for a specific field. An unstructured data database is intended to store in a manageable and protected way diverse objects that do not fit naturally and conveniently in common databases. It may include email messages, documents, journals, multimedia objects, etc. The name may be misleading since some objects can be highly structured. However, the entire possible object collection does not fit into a predefined structured framework. Most established DBMSs now support unstructured data in various ways, and new dedicated DBMSs are emerging. Connolly and Begg define database management system (DBMS) as a "software system that enables users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database". Examples of DBMS's include MySQL, PostgreSQL, MSSQL, Oracle Database, and Microsoft Access. The DBMS acronym is sometimes extended to indicate the underlying database model, with RDBMS for the relational, OODBMS for the object (oriented) and ORDBMS for the object-relational model. Other extensions can indicate some other characteristic, such as DDBMS for a distributed database management systems. The functionality provided by a DBMS can vary enormously. The core functionality is the storage, retrieval and update of data. Codd proposed the following functions and services a fully-fledged general purpose DBMS should provide: Data storage, retrieval and update User accessible catalog or data dictionary describing the metadata Support for transactions and concurrency Facilities for recovering the database should it become damaged Support for authorization of access and update of data Access support from remote locations Enforcing constraints to ensure data in the database abides by certain rulesIt is also generally to be expected the DBMS will provide a set of utilities for such purposes as may be necessary to administer the database effectively, including import, export, monitoring, defragmentation and analysis utilities. The core part of the DBMS interacting between the database and the application interface sometimes referred to as the database engine. Often DBMSs will have configuration parameters that can be statically and dynamically tuned, for example the maximum amount of main memory on a server the database can use. The trend is to minimise the amount of manual configuration, and for cases such as embedded databases the need to target zero-administration is paramount. The large major enterprise DBMSs have tended to increase in size and functionality and can have involved thousands of human years of development effort through their lifetime.Early multi-user DBMS typically only allowed for the application to reside on the same computer with access via terminals or terminal emulation software. The client–server architecture was a development where the application resided on a client desktop and the database on a server allowing the processing to be distributed. This evolved into a multitier architecture incorporating application servers and web servers with the end user interface via a web browser with the database only directly connected to the adjacent tier.A general-purpose DBMS will provide public application programming interfaces (API) and optionally a processor for database languages such as SQL to allow applications to be written to interact with the database. A special purpose DBMS may use a private API and be specifically customised and linked to a single application. For example, an email system performing many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as message insertion, message deletion, attachment handling, blocklist lookup, associating messages an email address and so forth however these functions are limited to what is required to handle email. External interaction with the database will be via an application program that interfaces with the DBMS. This can range from a database tool that allows users to execute SQL queries textually or graphically, to a web site that happens to use a database to store and search information. A programmer will code interactions to the database (sometimes referred to as a datasource) via an application program interface (API) or via a database language. The particular API or language chosen will need to be supported by DBMS, possible indirectly via a pre-processor or a bridging API. Some API's aim to be database independent, ODBC being a commonly known example. Other common API's include JDBC and ADO.NET. Database languages are special-purpose languages, which allow one or more of the following tasks, sometimes distinguished as sublanguages: Data control language (DCL) – controls access to data; Data definition language (DDL) – defines data types such as creating, altering, or dropping tables and the relationships among them; Data manipulation language (DML) – performs tasks such as inserting, updating, or deleting data occurrences; Data query language (DQL) – allows searching for information and computing derived information.Database languages are specific to a particular data model. Notable examples include: SQL combines the roles of data definition, data manipulation, and query in a single language. It was one of the first commercial languages for the relational model, although it departs in some respects from the relational model as described by Codd (for example, the rows and columns of a table can be ordered). SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987. The standards have been regularly enhanced since and is supported (with varying degrees of conformance) by all mainstream commercial relational DBMSs. OQL is an object model language standard (from the Object Data Management Group). It has influenced the design of some of the newer query languages like JDOQL and EJB QL. XQuery is a standard XML query language implemented by XML database systems such as MarkLogic and eXist, by relational databases with XML capability such as Oracle and DB2, and also by in-memory XML processors such as Saxon. SQL/XML combines XQuery with SQL.A database language may also incorporate features like: DBMS-specific configuration and storage engine management Computations to modify query results, like counting, summing, averaging, sorting, grouping, and cross-referencing Constraint enforcement (e.g. in an automotive database, only allowing one engine type per car) Application programming interface version of the query language, for programmer convenience Database storage is the container of the physical materialization of a database. It comprises the internal (physical) level in the database architecture. It also contains all the information needed (e.g., metadata, "data about the data", and internal data structures) to reconstruct the conceptual level and external level from the internal level when needed. Putting data into permanent storage is generally the responsibility of the database engine a.k.a. "storage engine". Though typically accessed by a DBMS through the underlying operating system (and often using the operating systems' file systems as intermediates for storage layout), storage properties and configuration setting are extremely important for the efficient operation of the DBMS, and thus are closely maintained by database administrators. A DBMS, while in operation, always has its database residing in several types of storage (e.g., memory and external storage). The database data and the additional needed information, possibly in very large amounts, are coded into bits. Data typically reside in the storage in structures that look completely different from the way the data look in the conceptual and external levels, but in ways that attempt to optimize (the best possible) these levels' reconstruction when needed by users and programs, as well as for computing additional types of needed information from the data (e.g., when querying the database). Some DBMSs support specifying which character encoding was used to store data, so multiple encodings can be used in the same database. Various low-level database storage structures are used by the storage engine to serialize the data model so it can be written to the medium of choice. Techniques such as indexing may be used to improve performance. Conventional storage is row-oriented, but there are also column-oriented and correlation databases. Often storage redundancy is employed to increase performance. A common example is storing materialized views, which consist of frequently needed external views or query results. Storing such views saves the expensive computing of them each time they are needed. The downsides of materialized views are the overhead incurred when updating them to keep them synchronized with their original updated database data, and the cost of storage redundancy. Occasionally a database employs storage redundancy by database objects replication (with one or more copies) to increase data availability (both to improve performance of simultaneous multiple end-user accesses to a same database object, and to provide resiliency in a case of partial failure of a distributed database). Updates of a replicated object need to be synchronized across the object copies. In many cases, the entire database is replicated. Database security deals with all various aspects of protecting the database content, its owners, and its users. It ranges from protection from intentional unauthorized database uses to unintentional database accesses by unauthorized entities (e.g., a person or a computer program). Database access control deals with controlling who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information in the database. The information may comprise specific database objects (e.g., record types, specific records, data structures), certain computations over certain objects (e.g., query types, or specific queries), or using specific access paths to the former (e.g., using specific indexes or other data structures to access information). Database access controls are set by special authorized (by the database owner) personnel that uses dedicated protected security DBMS interfaces. This may be managed directly on an individual basis, or by the assignment of individuals and privileges to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called "subschemas". For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data. If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases. Data security in general deals with protecting specific chunks of data, both physically (i.e., from corruption, or destruction, or removal; e.g., see physical security), or the interpretation of them, or parts of them to meaningful information (e.g., by looking at the strings of bits that they comprise, concluding specific valid credit-card numbers; e.g., see data encryption). Change and access logging records who accessed which attributes, what was changed, and when it was changed. Logging services allow for a forensic database audit later by keeping a record of access occurrences and changes. Sometimes application-level code is used to record changes rather than leaving this to the database. Monitoring can be set up to attempt to detect security breaches. Database transactions can be used to introduce some level of fault tolerance and data integrity after recovery from a crash. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring lock, etc.), an abstraction supported in database and also other systems. Each transaction has well defined boundaries in terms of which program/code executions are included in that transaction (determined by the transaction's programmer via special transaction commands). The acronym ACID describes some ideal properties of a database transaction: atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations, it is desirable to migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, and operational (different DBMSs may have different capabilities). The migration involves the database's transformation from one DBMS type to another. The transformation should maintain (if possible) the database related application (i.e., all related application programs) intact. Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation. It may be desired that also some aspects of the architecture internal level are maintained. A complex or large database migration may be a complicated and costly (one-time) project by itself, which should be factored into the decision to migrate. This in spite of the fact that tools may exist to help migration between specific DBMSs. Typically, a DBMS vendor provides tools to help importing databases from other popular DBMSs. After designing a database for an application, the next stage is building the database. Typically, an appropriate general-purpose DBMS can be selected to be used for this purpose. A DBMS provides the needed user interfaces to be used by database administrators to define the needed application's data structures within the DBMS's respective data model. Other user interfaces are used to select needed DBMS parameters (like security related, storage allocation parameters, etc.). When the database is ready (all its data structures and other needed components are defined), it is typically populated with initial application's data (database initialization, which is typically a distinct project; in many cases using specialized DBMS interfaces that support bulk insertion) before making it operational. In some cases, the database becomes operational while empty of application data, and data are accumulated during its operation. After the database is created, initialised and populated it needs to be maintained. Various database parameters may need changing and the database may need to be tuned (tuning) for better performance; application's data structures may be changed or added, new related application programs may be written to add to the application's functionality, etc. Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state (for many reasons, e.g., cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error, or if it has been updated with erroneous data). To achieve this, a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously, where each desired database state (i.e., the values of its data and their embedding in database's data structures) is kept within dedicated backup files (many techniques exist to do this effectively). When it is decided by a database administrator to bring the database back to this state (e.g., by specifying this state by a desired point in time when the database was in this state), these files are used to restore that state. Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data. The abstraction of relational database system has many interesting applications, in particular, for security purposes, such as fine grained access control, watermarking, etc. Other DBMS features might include: Database logs – This helps in keeping a history of the executed functions. Graphics component for producing graphs and charts, especially in a data warehouse system. Query optimizer – Performs query optimization on every query to choose an efficient query plan (a partial order (tree) of operations) to be executed to compute the query result. May be specific to a particular storage engine. Tools or hooks for database design, application programming, application program maintenance, database performance analysis and monitoring, database configuration monitoring, DBMS hardware configuration (a DBMS and related database may span computers, networks, and storage units) and related database mapping (especially for a distributed DBMS), storage allocation and database layout monitoring, storage migration, etc.Increasingly, there are calls for a single system that incorporates all of these core functionalities into the same build, test, and deployment framework for database management and source control. Borrowing from other developments in the software industry, some market such offerings as "DevOps for database". The first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an entity-relationship model, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the Unified Modeling Language. A successful data model will accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled: for example, if people can have more than one phone number, it will allow this information to be captured. Designing a good conceptual data model requires a good understanding of the application domain; it typically involves asking deep questions about the things of interest to an organization, like "can a customer also be a supplier?", or "if a product is sold with two different forms of packaging, are those the same product or different products?", or "if a plane flies from New York to Dubai via Frankfurt, is that one flight or two (or maybe even three)?". The answers to these questions establish definitions of the terminology used for entities (customers, products, flights, flight segments) and their relationships and attributes. Producing the conceptual data model sometimes involves input from business processes, or the analysis of workflow in the organization. This can help to establish what information is needed in the database, and what can be left out. For example, it can help when deciding whether the database needs to hold historic data as well as current data. Having produced a conceptual data model that users are happy with, the next stage is to translate this into a schema that implements the relevant data structures within the database. This process is often called logical database design, and the output is a logical data model expressed in the form of a schema. Whereas the conceptual data model is (in theory at least) independent of the choice of database technology, the logical data model will be expressed in terms of a particular database model supported by the chosen DBMS. (The terms data model and database model are often used interchangeably, but in this article we use data model for the design of a specific database, and database model for the modeling notation used to express that design). The most popular database model for general-purpose databases is the relational model, or more precisely, the relational model as represented by the SQL language. The process of creating a logical database design using this model uses a methodical approach known as normalization. The goal of normalization is to ensure that each elementary "fact" is only recorded in one place, so that insertions, updates, and deletions automatically maintain consistency. The final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like, which depend on the particular DBMS. This is often called physical database design, and the output is the physical data model. A key goal during this stage is data independence, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes should be invisible to end-users and applications. There are two types of data independence: Physical data independence and logical data independence. Physical design is driven mainly by performance requirements, and requires a good knowledge of the expected workload and access patterns, and a deep understanding of the features offered by the chosen DBMS. Another aspect of physical database design is security. It involves both defining access control to database objects as well as defining security levels and methods for the data itself. A database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of a database and fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized, and manipulated. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model (or the SQL approximation of relational), which uses a table-based format. Common logical data models for databases include: Navigational databases Hierarchical database model Network model Graph database Relational model Entity–relationship model Enhanced entity–relationship model Object model Document model Entity–attribute–value model Star schemaAn object-relational database combines the two related structures. Physical data models include: Inverted index Flat fileOther models include: Associative model Multidimensional model Array model Multivalue modelSpecialized models are optimized for particular types of data: XML database Semantic model Content store Event store Time series model A database management system provides three views of the database data: The external level defines how each group of end-users sees the organization of data in the database. A single database can have any number of views at the external level. The conceptual level unifies the various external views into a compatible global view. It provides the synthesis of all the external views. It is out of the scope of the various database end-users, and is rather of interest to database application developers and database administrators. The internal level (or physical level) is the internal organization of data inside a DBMS. It is concerned with cost, performance, scalability and other operational matters. It deals with storage layout of the data, using storage structures such as indexes to enhance performance. Occasionally it stores data of individual views (materialized views), computed from generic data, if performance justification exists for such redundancy. It balances all the external views' performance requirements, possibly conflicting, in an attempt to optimize overall performance across all activities.While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are the interest of the human resources department. Thus different departments need different views of the company's database. The three-level database architecture relates to the concept of data independence which was one of the major initial driving forces of the relational model. The idea is that changes made at a certain level do not affect the view at a higher level. For example, changes in the internal level do not affect application programs written using conceptual level interfaces, which reduces the impact of making physical changes to improve performance. The conceptual view provides a level of indirection between internal and external. On one hand it provides a common view of the database, independent of different external view structures, and on the other hand it abstracts away details of how the data are stored or managed (internal level). In principle every level, and even every external view, can be presented by a different data model. In practice usually a given DBMS uses the same data model for both the external and the conceptual levels (e.g., relational model). The internal level, which is hidden inside the DBMS and depends on its implementation, requires a different level of detail and uses its own types of data structure types. Separating the external, conceptual and internal levels was a major feature of the relational database model implementations that dominate 21st century databases. Database technology has been an active research topic since the 1960s, both in academia and in the research and development groups of companies (for example IBM Research). Research activity includes theory and development of prototypes. Notable research topics have included models, the atomic transaction concept, and related concurrency control techniques, query languages and query optimization methods, RAID, and more. The database research area has several dedicated academic journals (for example, ACM Transactions on Database Systems-TODS, Data and Knowledge Engineering-DKE) and annual conferences (e.g., ACM SIGMOD, ACM PODS, VLDB, IEEE ICDE).
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President Bush presents the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Pope John Paul II during a visit to the Vatican, June 2004A March 2007 survey of Arab opinion conducted by Zogby International and the University of Maryland found that Bush was the most disliked leader in the Arab world.[323]The Pew Research Center's 2007 Global Attitudes poll found that out of 47 countries, a majority of respondents expressed "a lot of confidence" or "some confidence" in Bush in only nine countries: Israel, India, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria and Uganda.[324]During a June 2007 visit to the mostly Islamic Eastern European nation of Albania, Bush was greeted enthusiastically. Albania has a population of 3.6 million, has troops in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and the country's government is highly supportive of American foreign policy.[325] A huge image of the President now hangs in the middle of the capital city of Tirana flanked by Albanian and American flags.[326] The Bush administration's support for the independence of Albanian-majority Kosovo, while endearing him to the Albanians, has troubled U.S. relations with Serbia, leading to the February 2008 torching of the U.S. embassy in Belgrade.[327]Post-presidencyGeorge and Laura Bush wave to a crowd of 1000 at Andrews Air Force Base before their final departure to Texas, January 20, 2009 Following the inauguration of Barack Obama, Bush and his family boarded a presidential helicopter typically used as Marine One to travel to Andrews Air Force Base.[328] Bush, with his wife, then boarded an Air Force Boeing VC-25 for a flight to a homecoming celebration in Midland, Texas. Because he was no longer President, this flight was designated Special Air Mission 28000, instead of Air Force One. After a welcome rally in Midland, the Bushes returned to their ranch in Crawford, Texas, by helicopter.[328] They bought a home in the Preston Hollow neighborhood of Dallas, Texas, where they planned to settle down.[329]Since leaving office, Bush has kept a relatively low profile.[330] However, he has made appearances at various events throughout the Dallas/Forth Worth area, most notably when he conducted the opening coin toss at the Dallas Cowboys first game in the team's new Cowboys Stadium in Arlington.[331] An April 6, 2009, visit to a Texas Rangers game, where he gave a speech thanking the people of Dallas for helping them settle in (and specifically, the people of Arlington, where the game was held), was met with a standing ovation.[332]His first speaking engagement occurred on March 17, 2009 in Calgary, Canada. He spoke at a private event entitled "A conversation with George W. Bush" at the Telus Convention Centre and stated that he would not criticize President Obama and hoped he succeeds, specifically stating, "[President Obama] deserves my silence."[333][334] During his speech, Bush announced that he had begun writing a book, which is expected to be published under the title Decision Points in 2010.[16] The book will focus on "12 difficult personal and political decisions" Bush faced during his presidency.[16]Bush made a video-taped appearance on the June 11, 2009, episode of The Colbert Report during the show's trip to Baghdad, Iraq. Bush praised the troops for earning a "special place in American History" and for their courage and endurance. He joked that it would come in handy, saying, "I've sat through Stephen's stuff before," in reference to Colbert's performance at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Association dinner as well as The Colbert Report's history of criticizing Bush's administration.[335]On August 29, 2009, Bush, with his wife Laura, attended the funeral of Senator Ted Kennedy.[336]See alsoElectoral history of George W. BushGeorge W. Bush's nicknamesHistorical rankings of United States PresidentsList of George W. Bush legislation and programsPolitical positions of George W. BushReferences^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 6, 2009). "Bush Celebrates Easter at an Outdoor Service". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/16/us/bush-celebrates-easter-at-an-outdoor-service.html. Retrieved April 16, 2001.^ a b "The Jesus Factor". WGBH. PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jesus/etc/script.html. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^ Cooperman, Alan (September 15, 2004). "Openly Religious, to a Point". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A24634-2004Sep15?language=printer. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^http://www.americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=6^ "$1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law". CNN. June 7, 2001. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/06/07/bush.taxes/. Retrieved October 21, 2007.^ "March 18, 2003 Presidential Letter". The White House. March 19, 2003. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030319-1.html. Retrieved September 1, 2008. ; Powell, Colin (February 5, 2003). "U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell Addresses the U.N. Security Council". The White House. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030205-1.html. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^ Associated Press (May 5, 2006). "Republican right abandoning Bush". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12643666/. Retrieved June 23, 2009.^ David Paul Kuhn and Jonathan Martin (June 20, 2007). "Republican candidates begin snubbing Bush". Politico. http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=40D3433B-3048-5C12-00051A3BF2F9403A. Retrieved May 11, 2008.^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos (February 13, 2006). "Illegal Immigration, Unchecked Spending Siphon Conservatives From GOP Base". FOXNews.com. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,184608,00.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008.^ "SF Fed Economics see longest recession since WW2". Reuters. April24,2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE4BM49M20081223. Retrieved April 24, 2009.^ a b"Bush Job Approval at 28%, Lowest of His Administration". Gallup. April 11, 2008. http://www.gallup.com/poll/106426/Bush-Job-Approval-28-Lowest-Administration.aspx. Retrieved January 20, 2009.^ ab c "President Bush's Approval Ratings". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/custom/2006/02/02/CU2006020201345.html. Retrieved June 23, 2009.^ ab "Bush: Job Ratings". Pollingreport.com. http://www.pollingreport.com/BushJob.htm. Retrieved October 20, 2008.^ "The National Economy". Americanresearchgroup.com. http://americanresearchgroup.com/economy/. Retrieved October 20, 2008.^ a bc "Bush Job Approval Highest in Gallup History". Gallup.com. http://www.gallup.com/poll/4924/Bush-Job-Approval-Highest-Gallup-History.aspx. Retrieved October 20, 2008.^ a bc Motoko Rich (March 19, 2009). "Bush Book on Decisions Is Set for 2010". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/19/us/politics/19bush.html. Retrieved March 23, 2009.^ "George Walker Bush". Famous Texans. February 3, 2005. http://www.famoustexans.com/georgewbush.htm. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^ Bush, then the Governor of Texas, was the commencement speaker at St. John's Academy in 1995: "An Inventory of Press Office Speech Files at the Texas State Archives, 1986, 1989-2000, undated (bulk 1995-2000)". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tslac/40090/tsl-40090.html. Retrieved May 1, 2008.^ "George W. Bush: Living the Bush Legacy". CNN. October 29, 2000. http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/democracy/bush/stories/bush/. Retrieved March 18, 2007. Archive copy at the Internet Archive^ Nicholas D. Kristof (June 10, 2000). "George W. Bush's Journey The Cheerleader: Earning A's in People Skills at Andover". The New York Times. http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/061000wh-bush.html. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^ "Biography of President George W. Bush". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewbush/. Retrieved June 23, 2009.^ Lois Romano and George Lardner Jr. (July 27, 1999). "Bush: So-So Student but a Campus Mover". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh2000/stories/bush072799.htm. Retrieved April 8, 2009.^ Jessica Feinstein and Jennifer Sabin (October 7, 2004). "DKE & YPU: Filling precedential shoes". The Yale Daily News. http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/11584. 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"At Height of Vietnam, Bush Picks Guard" Washington Post, 28 July 1999.^ York, Byron (August 26, 2004). "The Facts about Bush and the National Guard". National Review Online. http://www.nationalreview.com/flashback/york200408261025.asp. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^ Lois Romano (February 3, 2004). "Bush's Guard Service In Question". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7372-2004Feb2.html. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^ "Official DoD service records of Texas Air National Guard member George Walker Bush". Department of Defense. June 17, 2005. http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/bush_records/index.html. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^ Brit Hume, Mara Liasson, Jeff Birnbaum, Charles Krauthammer (July 9, 2004). "The All-Star Panel Discusses John Kerry's Shifting Positions on Iraq War Spending". Fox News Network (transcript).^ a bc d "Read her lips: Literacy efforts on first lady's agenda". CNN. April 8, 2001. http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/people/shows/bush/profile.html. 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July 21, 2002. http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-02.htm. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^ Bush, George W.; Bill Adler (2004). The Quotable George W. Bush: A Portrait in His Own Words. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-4154-8. OCLC 237927420.^ "George W. Bush and the religious right in the 1988 campaign of George H.W. Bush". PBS. June 17, 2005. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2000/bush/wead.html. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^ Farrey, Tom (November 1, 1999). "A series of beneficial moves". ESPN. http://static.espn.go.com/mlb/bush/timeline.html. Retrieved March 4, 2009.^ "George W. Bush in Little League uniform". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/governors/modern/bush-p04.html. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^ "1998 Tax return" (PDF). http://www.makethemaccountable.com/tax/BushTaxes1998.pdf. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^ "Seven Who Will Manage Bush's 1992 Presidential Campaign". The New York Times. December 6, 1991. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/06/us/seven-who-will-manage-bush-s-1992-presidential-campaign.html. Retrieved June 23, 2009.^ Jack E. White and Laurence I. Barrett (December 16, 1991). "The White House: Clearing the Decks". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,974468,00.html?promoid=googlep.^ a bWayne Slater, James Moore (2003). Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential. Wiley. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-471-42327-0.^ "Ann Richards". Telegraph (UK). September 15, 2005. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1528876/Ann-Richards.html. Retrieved November 25, 2008.^ Tapper, Jake (August 11, 1999). "Guns and Money". Salon News. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/08/11/gun/index1.html. Retrieved June 23, 2009.^ Joshua Green (November 2004). "Karl Rove in a Corner". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200411/green/3. Retrieved November 25, 2008.^ Edward Epstein, Chronicle Washington Bureau (October 29, 2005). 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September 21, 2009. http://startelegram.typepad.com/politex/2009/09/coin-toss-from-george-and-laura-bush-was-a-brief-taste-of-luck-for-cowboys-fans.html. Retrieved October 10, 2009.^http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30074152/^ Associated Press (March 17, 2009). "Bush says Obama 'deserves my silence'". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29743567/. Retrieved June 23, 2009.^ Allen, Mike (March 18, 2009). "Bush promises not to attack Obama". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0309/20160.html. Retrieved March 18, 2009.^ Associated Press (June 12, 2009). "Troops in Iraq hailed by Bush on 'Colbert Report'". google.com. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hL_Z4p4xMek1-baeGd_QsoBHMkBwD98P6CV80. Retrieved June 23, 2009.^ Weir, Richard (2009-08-30). "Funeral mass unites pols". Boston Herald. http://www.bostonherald.com/news/us_politics/view/20090830funeral_mass_unites_pols/. Retrieved 2009-08-30ANSWER: you can get it by either using an AR or trading someone for it.
