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Intel processors and AMD processors use a different architecture and AMD tends to be a little bit behind. Intel is working on 14nm and is currently at 22nm, while AMD just now advanced to 28nm.
Obviously different companies, but besides that AMD processors mu go in motherboard that use an AMD socket and Intel processors must go into an Intel based socket. Intel processors seem to be a bit more expensive but Intel is on top with the newest technology. Many AMD "fans" would argue this.
Intel E processors are dual core, whereas Q processors are the newer quad core versions. For a definition of multi-core systems see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_core
The difference is that Core Duo processors have to "engines" instead of one. With other words, Core Duo means 2 Intel processors in the same time working!
The basic diffreence is that in a mobile processor, they build it so that it uses as little power as possible, so that your battery lasts as long as possible. There are many ramifications to this, but that's the motivation.
Intel tends to be more expensive than the competition, but it also tends to lead the competition in terms of advancement as well.
A single core processor is just that... one processing core. A dual core processor is actually two processing cores on one chip. It is like having two processors in your system, but it is faster than two individual processors.
Intel = buissness and work AMD= gaming and raw power
There is no difference between dual core and core 2 duo. Intel just name its recent family of dual core processors as "core 2 duo". Both (core 2 duo and dual core) works in same fashion.
They made SRAM (static random access memory) chips and semiconductors.
The difference is in the processors. Intel's processors are named Core 2 and Core i5. The i5 is a bit faster because it is a quad core, while the core 2 uses only 2 cores.
I7 supports Hyper Threading, turbo memory, triple channel memory, and some new CPU instructions which makes it faster than Intel Core 2 Quad.