Simple really, Primary authority is the verbatim text of laws, case laws, etc. and mandatory authority is the laws or case laws that a particular court must follow. All mandatory authority must be primary authority, but the reverse is not always true. For example. a murder case in district court in New York state MUST follow any and all rulings or laws of New York state and any higher courts. However, a murder case in Minnesota is not required to follow New York's laws and case laws even though they are primary authority. Also a higher court is never required to follow a lower courts decision even if it is a primary authority.
To break it down to brass tacks, primary authority is really just the legal term for a primary source, same as regular research. A mandatory authority is about jurisdiction and stare deices.
Mandatory authority is binding and must be followed by lower courts, such as decisions from higher courts within the same jurisdiction. Persuasive authority, on the other hand, is not binding but may influence a court's decision, such as decisions from courts in other jurisdictions or secondary sources like legal commentary.
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Mandatory authority (primary authority) is comprised of precedents in the form of prior decisions by a court, statutory law, regulations or other sources of law that must be considered by a judge when making a determination in a legal matter. It comes from a government entity.
Secondary sources explain and analyze legal issues and topics presented in primary authorities. They help an attorney in the research process learn about the legal issue once it has been identified. Secondary sources are persuasive authority only and are not binding.
If there is no mandatory authority on a particular set of facts in a legal issue the court may consider secondary sources to render its decision. For example, the court may decide to follow the ruling in a similar case from another jurisdiction (state). The ruling in that other court will be adopted and become mandatory authority.
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A king holds a formal position of authority within a monarchy, often hereditary, with absolute power over his subjects. A chief, on the other hand, is a leader in a tribal or clan-based society, typically chosen for their wisdom, bravery, or ability to lead, with authority derived from their community's respect and support.
The passage of an Act refers to the formal approval of the legislation by the legislative body, such as a parliament or congress. Promulgation, on the other hand, is the official announcement or proclamation of the Act by the relevant authority, making it known to the public and putting it into effect.
A citizen's duty is a mandatory action required by law or moral obligation, such as paying taxes or serving on a jury. A responsibility is a broader concept encompassing actions that one is expected to perform for the greater good of society, like voting or volunteering in the community.
The difference between 22 and 25 is 3.
Regulations are rules established by a government or governing body to control or supervise certain activities or industries. Orders, on the other hand, are authoritative directives or commands issued by a person in authority. Regulations tend to be broader and have a wider scope, while orders are more specific and usually pertain to immediate action or compliance.
directory and mandatory
A factual report presents information objectively without attempting to sway the reader's opinion, focusing on presenting data and findings accurately. On the other hand, a persuasive report aims to convince the reader of a particular viewpoint or course of action by including arguments, opinions, and recommendations to influence their beliefs or decisions.
"Mandatory" implies that something must be done or is required by a rule or law. "Necessary" suggests that something is needed or essential for a particular purpose or outcome. Essentially, something that is mandatory is always necessary, but not everything necessary is always mandatory.
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A mandatory referendum is required by law for certain issues, while an optional referendum is not required but may be held at the discretion of the governing body. In a mandatory referendum, the public must vote on the issue, whereas in an optional referendum, the governing body decides whether to seek public input through a vote.
A mandatory relationship is when you HAVE to do it. Kind of like when people are "arranged". An optional relationship is where you have the right to chose.
Narrative essays primarily aim to tell a story or recount an event, focusing on the personal experiences and emotions of the writer. Persuasive essays aim to convince the reader to adopt a particular viewpoint or take a specific action by presenting arguments and supporting evidence. Narrative essays often focus on personal experiences, while persuasive essays focus on presenting a strong argument with supporting evidence.
The major difference between a persuasive essay and an argumentative essay is in their purpose and tone. A persuasive essay aims to convince the reader to take a certain position or action, while an argumentative essay presents both sides of an issue and argues for one side over the other. Persuasive essays often use emotional appeals, while argumentative essays rely more on logical reasoning and evidence.
Indian pharmacopoeia is mandatory in India for registering medicinal products and British pharmacopoeia is mandatory in MHRA.
Authority is the legal ability and authorization to exercise power for enforcement. Power is the actual wielding of the authority.
Power is the ability to control, while authority is the right to enforce control.
Informative speaking is speaking with facts and presents no opinion, while persuasive speaking presents an opinion using those facts. Persuasive speech tries to convince the audience to believe in one thing instead of another.