The Western saddle is deeper and heavier, and it has a horn (handle)on the front for holding onto and tying cattle or horses to. It also has wooden stirrups, while a English saddle has metal ones. Here are some pictures
English Saddle: http://product-image.tradeindia.com/00219452/b/English-Saddle.jpg
Western Saddle: http://www.chicksaddlery.com/Merchant2/graphics/00000001/8726.JPG
Centuar is western and Atlantes is English
The main difference is that a Western saddle has a horn, while an English saddle does not.
Saddle seat is a type of English riding that involves a high-stepping horse, and the rider has his/her legs farther out in front than in most English saddles. Western is a type of riding where the saddle has a horn, and is deeper and more secure than an English saddle. Western riders do not jump.
The difference between thw western trot and the English trot is simple. The western trot is called a jog, which is much slower than the English trot. The English trot is called a trot, which is much quicker than western jog. Also you are not suppose to post in a western saddle you only do that in an English.
The seat of a saddle is the area that you sit on. In English it is between the cantle and the pommel. In Western it is between the cantle and the horn.
English
For humans: ENGLISH: heavy suitish type coat, blouse/shirt, tan stretch pants, tall black boots, velvet black helmet, black gloves. For horses: ENGLISH: white light weight saddle pad, English saddle, girth, bridle. For humans: WESTERN: flashy collar shirt, belt, belt buckle, black pants or suede chaps, cowboy boots, brown/black helmet, black gloves. For horses: WESTERN: colorful saddle blanket that matches rider's shirt, western saddle, girth, bridle.
There are many differences. The western saddle is made for comfort, and meant to have a good deep seat for fast and sharp turns in barrel racing. An English saddle is more proper and is fit for ease with jumping.
Yes, a cinch is on a western saddle, a girth is on an English saddle.
There is no equivalent to a saddle horn on an English saddle. The English saddle has no horn to any equivalent. The Western saddle was made for the cowboys, who needed something to help anchor the rope to after roping a cow. This is where the Western saddle was invented, designed for comfort for long days of hard riding in the saddle, and for usefulness, which is why it has all the little straps to tie things to, perfect room for saddle bags and such, and with the saddle horn having the direct purpose of dallying the rope. The English saddle was not used by cowboys, and therefore, there was no use for a saddle horn, so there is nothing there.
In the horse world, you can have many types of saddles, but the two basic saddles are English and western. There is a cross between the two of them, but not as much people ride in them. The western saddle is much bigger and heavier than the English one, and has a horn. The cross is shaped as a western saddle, but does not have a horn.
Since most western saddles are heavier than most English saddles, a horse could probably run faster with an English saddle, specifically a racing saddle. However, if the rider's weight combined with the saddle is more than the western saddle and the rider's weight then the horse could run faster with the lesser weight.