A short action would be a 308 caliber, a long action would be a 30-06 caliber. This terminology is used by the manufacturers. The physical difference is about 1/4 inch in bullet length.
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Long Action, Short Action
1/2 of an inch. Long actions accomodate a larger cartridge calliber. Most savage rifles are long action. You can measure the distance between the front trigger guard screw (action screw) and the stock screw (forward action screw) to determine if your savage 110 is short or long action. The long action will measure 5 inches center to center and the short will measure 4 1/2 inches. Some of the older long action Savage 110 rifles will take the traditional short action calibers like 223,243 or 308. This has caused some confusion because the newer short action model 10 rifles are in these calibers. The best way to tell what action length you have is to measure from center to center of the action screws. The long action is 5.062 inches center to center, the short action is 4.275 inches center to center.
The long action simply has a longer receiver, to accommodate longer cartridges such as the .270 or .30-06. The .308 should be a short action. I have seen long action .308 rifles before, but these were typically .30-06 rifles rebarreled for the shorter .308 cartridge.
To determine if your Remington 7400 in .270 is long or short action, check the cartridge length it is designed for. The .270 Winchester is a long-action cartridge, so if your 7400 is chambered for .270, it is long action. Additionally, you can look at the overall length of the magazine and the receiver; long-action rifles typically have a longer magazine and receiver compared to short-action models.
Yes, the length of the action.
Long action will handle longer cartridges, such as 30-06. Short action handles shorter cartridges, such as .308.
Short or long action is immaterial, it is the caliber (and energy) of the cartridge that counts. Short action rifles use shorter cartridges, such as the.308 Winchester- an adequate cartridge for elk if the right bullet is used. Long actions use longer cartridges, such as the 30-06- also adequate.
The Ruger M77 chambered in .22-250 is considered a short action rifle. This is due to the cartridge's overall length, which is shorter than that of long action cartridges, allowing for a more compact and lighter rifle design. Short action rifles typically provide faster cycling and are often preferred for varmint and predator hunting.
After WW2 a development occurred in the development of gunpowder. After that development a "full power" cartridge could be made smaller -- shorter -- than before. Short action rifles are simply shorter versions of their longer brethren... shorter and infinitesimally quicker. As an example, the external ballistics of the .308 Winchester/7.62 NATO are identical to the external ballistics of the .30-06 Government. The smaller .308 cartridge gets the same performance by using the newer "triple-base" or "ball" powder. The advancement in powder technology allowed experimenters to develop a lot of shorter cartridges. The shorter cartridges probably did not feed as reliably in long action rifles. In many actions the cartridge has a moment of freedom after it is stripped off the magazine and before it enters the chamber. Using a short cartridge in a long action is likely to reduce the reliability because that moment of freedom is longer. As the shorter cartridges became popular, weapon manufacturers started offering rifles with shorter receivers to accommodate them. An M1 Garand is a example of a long action. An M14 is an example of a short action. Weapons chambered for .223 and the AK47 cartridge may not "qualify" as short action rifles, because those cartridges are not full power.
The bolt action rifle was invented around the late 18th century and wasnt till ww1 1914 it was widely used and so it wasnt long after this actual bolt action hunting rifles were made so in short early 19th century. However single shot rifles were used long before this.
A short action would be a 308 caliber, a long action would be a 30-06 caliber. This terminology is used by the manufacturers. The physical difference is about 1/4 inch in bullet length. Copy and paste link for more information. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQY/is_5_47/ai_72407692
Most .22 BOLT action, pump and LEVER action rifles that are fed from a tube magazine will handle shorts, longs, and long rifles. Remington produced several auto loaders that wil handle mixed ammo- the Remington 550 may be the best known.