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Stamps were not available in 1812. The first where used in Great Britain in 1840. When the first US stamps camp out, they were 5 cents for the first 1/2 ounce of mail.
Postage stamps were first commonly available in Great Britain. The One Penny Black is considered the first stamp available for sale. They were printed in 1840. The following year the One Penny Red was issued, one of the earliest and fairly common stamps available.
There is no such thing as a first edition stamp. First Day of Issue are stamps canceled on the first day that a stamp is available for sale to the public. Older stamps, over 70 years or so, on first day covers have good value. Most current ones can be purchased for about a $1.
It is expected that there will be an increase. Most of the First Class stamps currently available are Forever stamps. They will be valid after the postage rate goes up.
Stamp collecting began at the same time that stamps were first issued in 1860. It was only a few years before a catalog of available issues was put out.
In the UK you can get them in a whole range of values from one penny to five pounds. Other countries have similar arrangements.While all values are available in the US, the current First Class stamp is 44 cents.
There have been 25 cent stamps available since the late 1800's. The first class rate went to 25 cents in April of 1988.
Stamps did not exist in the 1700's. The first ones were issued in 1850 by Great Britain. Prior to that, postage, where mail was available, was paid for at the post office.
San Marino released the first stamps about AIDS on September 19, 1988. See related link.
Stamp connection would be the first place to look. They offer customized self inking stamps for your home business along with many other services and products.
Postage stamps are released on a specific day, called the First Day of Issue. Stamps cancelled on this date are the earliest usages possible. While special cancellations on special envelopes (cachets) are commonly available for stamps issued in the last seventy or so years, earlier stamps are much harder to find.
There WERE stamps in 1844. It would be from Great Britain or Brazil. Some of them are very rare and obviously not from the US government who started printing stamps in 1847. Take the stamp to an expert. You could consult a stamp catalog, usually found in your public library, to learn more about it and how to value it.