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The Toltec were a Meso-American tribe that dominated Mexico from 800 to 1000 CE. The Aztecs became the dominant tribe in 1325-1521 CE. The Spanish arrived in Mexico is 1511 and defeated the Aztecs in 1521. It took until 1550 for the Spanish to fully control the native population. Many Spanish men moved to Mexico and married native women. Mexico was part of New Spain. Only those of Spanish birth were given powerful jobs. Those of Spanish blood but born in Mexico were next in line. Those of mixed blood were lower in society with those of full native blood as the lowest in society.

Spain had problems of its own. The once powerful Spanish navy lost to the British. Spain continued to decline and the French Revolution shook things up. The Spanish king abdicated in 1808. This led some in Mexico to feel this was the time for Mexico to declare its independence. A priest named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared Mexico to be independent on September 16, 1810. After Napoleon was defeated, Spain decided to take Mexico back. There was much fighting for years. Iturbide emerged as a dictator and emperor. He was overthrown in 1824 and Mexico became a republic. General Santa Anna took over the government in 1832. Texas had a problem with Santa Anna not allowing slavery and they demanded their freedom. Texas declared their freedom in 1836. Texas stayed independent for a while and then asked to become part of the United States. President Polk sent troops into Mexico in 1846. The United States took California, New Mexico, and Arizona and later bought some additional lands from Mexico. Santa Anna was overthrown in 1855. A number of reformers tried to make things better. The war of the reformers was 1857-1861. In 1862, France invaded Mexico and set up Emperor Maximillian. After the American Civil War, the US demanded that France give up Mexico.

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Q: What is the history of Mexico from 500BC to AD 1865?
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