oal is formed when peat is altered physically and chemically. This process is called "coalification." During coalification, peat undergoes several changes as a result of bacterial decay, compaction, heat and time. Peat deposits are quite varied and contain everything from pristine plant parts (roots, bark, spores, etc.) to decayed plants, decay products and even charcoal if the peat caught fire during accumulation. Peat deposits typically form in a waterlogged environment where plant debris accumulated; peat bogs and peat swamps are examples. In such an environment, the accumulation of plant debris exceeds the rate of bacterial decay of the debris. The bacterial decay rate is reduced because the available oxygen in organic-rich water is completely used up by the decaying process. Anaerobic (without oxygen) decay is much slower than aerobic decay. For the peat to become coal, it must be buried by sediment. Burial compacts the peat and, consequently, much water is squeezed out during the first stages of burial. Continued burial and the addition of heat and time cause the complex hydrocarbon compounds in the peat to break down and alter in a variety of ways. The gaseous alteration products (methane is one) are typically expelled from the deposit, and the deposit becomes more and more carbon-rich as the other elements disperse. The stages of this trend proceed from plant debris through peat, lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, anthracite coal to graphite (a pure carbon mineral). Because of the amount of squeezing and water loss that accompanies the compaction of peat after burial, it is estimated that it took 10 vertical feet of original peat material to produce 1 vertical foot of bituminous coal in eastern and western Kentucky. The peat-to-coal ratio is variable and dependent on the original type of peat the coal came from and the rank of the coal.
how has coal mining changed over time
Technological success has changed the life of everyone in the world and it has also changed the way coal mining companies explore and market coal. High-tech and safe exploitation and usage of coal is the demand of the 21st century. In order to correspond to these new requirements the effective organizing management of human resources must take place. In other words, the technologies have made a coal mining industry a high-technological affair that is equipped with computers and all the necessary machinery Nowadays thousands of men and women in the world are working in 2,560 mines in 26 countries to supply billions tons of coal. Till the 1950th coal mining companies applied two methods of exploration - surface mining techniques or underground ones. Surface mining techniques are popular and are widely used in the USA mines since 1970s. This method is useful when coal deposits lie near the surface and can be easily extracted. Another method - an underground one - is used when coal deposits lie deep under the surface. In this situation continuous mining machines are used in the "room-and-pillar" method. In the 1950s, a new underground mining method appeared in Europe. It is called a 'longwall mining' method that applies laser technology. Today, it is widely used by coal mining companies in the world. From this moment the coal exploration, extraction and delivery to the market have become secure, effective, clean and not harmful for the environment. Nowadays the use of computers, lasers, satellites and other technologies has become a usual thing in coal mining industry and many coal mining organizations, such as Globaltex Industries Inc, apply all these advances in their business. From now on the coal mining extraction has become absolutely safe for people thanks to high-tech technologies and effective human resources management work. The high-tech mining technology is of great importance in enlarging the competitive forces of the coal mining industry. The state and private coal mining corporations make great efforts in order to put into action high-tech technologies, so that up-to-date equipment. The coal mining industry is becoming more and more mechanized.
Large mining companies
Large mining companies
Large mining companies
For a time in the US history of coal mining, many of the miners lived on coal company property. This was especially true among the coal mining companies in West Virginia.
You can read about the history of coal miners from Wikipedia's official website. You can also read about the history of coal miners from Mining USA's official website.
Around 1730 in Virginia. See the related link below on history of coal mining. As well, consider American Indian use of coal long before settlements in the Americas. 1730 is an excellent answer regarding industrial U.S. coal mining.
yes! coal is a mining product.
coal is recovered from mining
Knut Hartmann has written: 'Der Weg zur gewerkschaftlichen Organisation' -- subject(s): Coal miners, Coal mines and mining, Coal mining, History, Labor unions, Strikes and lockouts
Gerry Fanning has written: 'Oldham coal' -- subject(s): Coal mines and mining, History
The most major industry in all of Wale's history is mining. Wales was famous for mining coal and precious metals.
Coal mining can do alot to the enviroment. Coal mining can pollute the air, and destroy habitats like forests and wetlands. Coal mining can do alot to the enviroment. Coal mining can pollute the air, and destroy habitats like forests and wetlands.
David F. Branagan has written: 'Geology and coal mining in the Hunter Valley 1791-1861' -- subject(s): Coal mines and mining, History, Industries
Tim Wright has written: 'Batteries Included' 'Time for Change' 'Coal mining in China's economy and society 1895-1937' -- subject- s -: History, Coal trade, Coal mines and mining 'The History of the Northern Rhodesia Police' 'Raging Beauties 2009 Wall Calendar'
The Kentucky Coal Mining Museum was created in 1994.