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The phenotypic ratio expected from a monohybrid cross between heterozygotes is 3:1 (assuming complete dominance), with the genotypic ratio being 1:2:1.

So, using tall = T, short = t and R = red, r = white as an example.

A monohybrid cross of Tt X Tt would be expected to produce 3 tall plants and 1 short plant (phenotypic ratio 3:1), which would be 1 TT, 2 Tt and 1 tt (genotypic ratio 1:2:1).

A dihybrid cross of heterozygotes is expected to produce a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1.

So the cross of TtRr X TtRr would be epected to have:

9 tall red, 3 tall white, 3 short red and 1 short white (phenotypic ratio)

This is because each parent has 4 possible combinations of gametes (TR, Tr, tR and tr). There are therefore 16 combinations of gametes, providing a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.

Both of these are probably best visualised using a punnett square (see link below).

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Q: What is the importance of a 9331 ratio in a monohybrid cross?
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