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Most large cities are located near rivers or fresh water bodies (like lakes or springs) due to the necessity of having fresh water. However, there are a couple of exceptions, like coastal cities or cities in countries with no rivers (like Bahrain, Comoros, Kiribati, Monaco and Saudi Arabia).
However, the largest city without a river would be Mexico City. This is one of the few capitals not in a river, and certainly the largest one! This capital is the 3rd largest metropolitan area in the world (after Tokyo and Seoul, both of which have rivers, and above New York City). This has a bit of a historical reason.
The Aztecs settled in a very inhospitable area, due to the belief that one of their gods, "Huitzilopochtli", told them to settle in the place where they would find an eagle eating a snake (hence, the mexican flag).
It was a very swampy region, but the Aztecs made it work and it became the most powerful city in Mesoamerica.
Eventually the Spaniards arrived and that city became the capital of the New Spain.
Some old buildings in Mexico are still sinking, due to the swampy ground, and Mexico had to be connected artificially to other rivers in order to have a fresh water supply in the city.
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