Starting at the top
1.) Jesus Christ working through the Holy Spirit
2.) The pope, Vicar of Christ on earth
3.) Archbishops
4.) Bishops
5.) Priests
Starting from the top:
Jesus Christ through his Vicar on Earth, the Pope
Archbishops
Bishops
Priests
Deacons
Magisterium is the teaching authority of the Church.
It is the teaching authority of the Catholic Church.
The Magesterium has the ultimate teaching authority in the Catholic Church.
The protestant revolt did not affect the authority of the Catholic Church. It has the same authority that it has always had since it was founded by Jesus Christ in 33 AD. The Catholic Church's authority is from God alone so the actions of individual heretics cannot affect it except in a superficial manner.
In galileo`s time the catholic church was at authority
In the Catholic Church the highest authority is God, specifically Jesus Christ, on earth His Vicar (representative) is the Holy Father, currently Pope Benedict XVI.
The catholic church? None. The Anglican church? Almost none.
The Magisterium is teaching authority of the Roman Catholic Church.
It started killing the people
A time when there was a rejection of the authority of the Catholic Church
Historically, the "direct line" of authority back to the saviour himself in the Catholic Church is the Catholic priesthood given in holy orders, which was initiated by Christ Himself in order that there would be dispensers of His grace and leaders with His authority to manage His Church on earth. The fullness of the priesthood is possessed by a bishop, who can both give confirmation and ordain other priests. Bishops are administrators of the Church and their sees - the areas that they govern - are fixtures in Church government. If you follow the generations of bishops in a see, or just follow who has successively ordained who, you can follow this line of authority much like a genealogy tree. Immediately, however, once someone is endowed with holy orders, provided he is in communion with the Church, that priest or bishop becomes a direct line to the saviour since when a priest says Mass or fulfills his duties, he does so as another Christ, who is both priest and victim. Thus a priest actually participates in the authority of Christ when administering sacraments and his holy duties. The "direct line" is therefore holy orders/priesthood which participates in Christ's authority not just historically, but also immediately.
No, the Orthodox Church--like the Catholic Church--believe the Church itself to be the ultimate authority on their beliefs. Protestants, due to placing the Holy Bible as their ultimate authority, are divided into thousands & thousands of sects.