A vocation does not have to be within the Church, anyone can have one. You can have a vocation to be a mom, dad, etc. Or you can be things within the Church.
Most theistic religions believe that God calls His creatures to do certain things with their lives, so no, belief in vocations are not only a part of the Catholic Church. Additionally, Catholics believe that God created all people and has a plan (vocation) for each one, regardless of religion.
vocations
Preisthood, Single, Religious Life, and Married
The three kinds of vocation to the catholic church are - Marriage - Priest/Religious -Single blessedness
Vincent Paul Toccoli has written: 'Soll ich in den kirchlichen Dienst?' -- subject(s): Appointment, call, and election, Catholic Church, Clergy, Religious life, Vocations (in religious orders, congregations, etc.), Youth, Vocation (in religious orders, congregations, etc.)
Vocation to Christians is a calling to serve God
I'm unsure as to how this specifically might relate to a religious question, but "vocation" is basically another word for "career" or "job." So, anyone who has ever had a job could be said to have had a "vocation." In the Catholic church "vocation" also refers to those who take a religious life - monks and nuns. Such a life is said to be their calling.
Vocation is a life choice. Holy Orders - when one enters into a life as a member of a holy order - priests, nuns, brothers etc. Sacrament of Marriage - when two people get married within the Church. Single life - another vocation though not sacramental. This is when someone makes the conscious decision to lead and single life within the Church.
Kurt Martin Senske has written: 'The Calling' -- subject(s): Doctrines, Vocation, Lutheran Church 'Live a life of significance' -- subject(s): Doctrines, Vocation, Lutheran Church 'Personal values' -- subject(s): Christian life, Lutheran authors
Lay single vocations refer to individuals who are single and not consecrated, who live out their faith in the world without taking religious vows. Consecrated single vocations, on the other hand, involve individuals who choose to live a consecrated life dedicated to serving God and the Church through vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, even though they may be single.
John Oliver Nelson has written: 'Vocation and Protestant religious occupations' -- subject(s): Appointment, call, and election, Vocational guidance, Clergy, Church work 'Dare to reconcile' -- subject(s): Christianity, Church and social problems, Discussion in Christian education, Reconciliation, Religious aspects, Religious aspects of Reconciliation 'Opportunities in religious service' -- subject(s): Vocational guidance, Church work 'Work and vocation' -- subject(s): Vocation
Louis Caputo has written: 'A servant of the divine vocations' -- subject(s): Biography, Catholic Church, Clergy, Vocationist Fathers