In air at sea level, 327 V peak.
raised voltage output
voltage is pressure and kWh is energy... therefore pressure is energy...
Ferranti Effect causes the receiving end voltage to be more than the sending end voltage. It occurs mainly in long transmission lines when they are lightly loaded. In this condition, the inductance of the lines becomes more resulting in increased receiving end voltage.
Ohm's Law states that Voltage = Resistance (Ohms) * Current (Ampere). So when you increase voltage, you increase current.
the inductive load which is generally use in high voltage transmission line known as transformer. the transformer transform the high voltage to low voltage.
Bcoz, corona effect is only possible in high voltage AC supply due to the frequency. That is, the frequency and the HT voltage causes the arc b/w 2 conductors.so , here the air is act as the arc transmitting medium.we called it as Corona. It is highly impossible in DC bcoz of no frequency.
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Heat is generated due to resistive losses when a current flows. Noise is either from vibration or corona effect in case of high voltage lines
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge
It has been seen that intense corona effects are observed at a working voltage of 33 kV or above.Therefore, careful design should be made to avoid corona on the sub-stations or bus-bars rated for 33kV and higher voltages otherwise highly ionised air may cause flash-over in the insulators or between the phases, causing considerable damage to the equipment. The corona effects can be reduced by the following methods :(i) By increasing conductor size. By increasing conductor size, the voltage at which corona occurs is raised and hence corona effects are considerably reduced. This is one of the reasons that ACSR conductors which have a larger cross-sectional area are used in transmission lines.(ii) By increasing conductor spacing. By increasing the spacing between conductors, the voltage at which corona occurs is raised and hence corona effects can be eliminated. However, spacing cannot be increased too much otherwise the cost of supporting structure (e.g., bigger cross arms and supports) may increase to a considerable extent.
Because of the high value of traveling voltage in the TX lines theair around it actually ionizes and cause the current to flow in the surrounding and because of that ionization ozone gas is produced
What is the effect of surge arrested on increase the voltage in medium voltage circuits?
Corona is a pale blue discharge caused by an intense electric field breaking down the insulating properties of air. It normally occurs at sharp corners or points on energised high-voltage conductors, where the electric field is particularly intense. It can also occur at the surface of single, narrow, conductors -which is why very high-voltage transmission line conductors are bundled in groups of two (e.g. 275-kV lines in the UK) or more (e.g. four in the case of 400-kV lines in the UK).So a corona is caused by voltage (electric fields) , whether a load current (magnetic fields) is flowing or not. So a load is not neccessary for corona discharge to occur.
for sake of safety and protection the high voltage transmission lines are erected in less populated areas ie. villages , these lines have operating voltages about 220kv , 440kv , 132 kv( high tension lines) . while in cities the voltage is distributed at low voltages ( about 11kv(industry) , 440v residential ) because of safety issue . since corona loss highly depends on the operating voltage of lines thats why it is mostly seen in villages.
corona effect
The effect of diode voltage drop as the output voltage is that the input voltage will not be totally transferred to the output because power loss in the diode . The output voltage will then be given by: vout=(vin)-(the diode voltage drop).
The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place is called the activation energy.