Although hepatitis B can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta, most often it is transmitted perinatally.
In developed countries widespread HIV testing and anti-retroviral therapy have reduced maternal-fetal transmission dramatically.
Prevention of maternal-to-fetal HSV transmission includes abstaining from sexual activity during the last trimester; using a condom; postponing membrane rupture; avoiding a fetal monitor; and, avoiding vacuum or forceps deliveries.
Feto-maternal refers to a fetus and its mother. Fetal-maternal hemorrhage refers to the entry of fetal blood into the maternal circulation before or during delivery.
Maternal to fetal infections are transmitted from the mother to her fetus, either across the placenta during fetal development (prenatal) or during labor and passage through the birth canal (perinatal).
Fetal surgery, antenatal surgery, or maternal-fetal surgery.
ultasound
placenta
RhoGAM
Maternal fetal medicine specialist
products of the maternal immune system disrupt fetal development
Creasy, Robert K., et al. Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practices. 5th ed. London: W. B. Saunders, 2003.
fetal alcohol syndrome