The name of the material that shaters or brakes during impact is called sediment.
There is no special name for the crater caused by the impact of a meteorite. It's called a "crater".
When a meteorite impact causes a pit or depression in the ground, that is called a crater.
The only astronomical mentions my research turned up is that Alder is the name of an impact crater on the Moon. Here's the link to read about it: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alder_(crater). Otherwise, this is the genus name of a plant.
A volcano crater is the bowl-shaped despression formed by an impact of a volcano.
Crater Lake is actually the crater of an extinct volcano. Water has filled in the cone crater.
ejecta
Chicxulub impact crater.
There is no special name for the crater caused by the impact of a meteorite. It's called a "crater".
The South Pole-Aitken basin (not "Aitken crater") on the far side of the moon, at 1,600 miles across, is not only the largest known impact crater on the moon but one of the largest in the solar system. It is also believed to be the moon's oldest and deepest (over 8 miles deep).
When a meteorite impact causes a pit or depression in the ground, that is called a crater.
The only astronomical mentions my research turned up is that Alder is the name of an impact crater on the Moon. Here's the link to read about it: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alder_(crater). Otherwise, this is the genus name of a plant.
Ejecta
A crater, but usually basins are much bigger than your average crater. So they are known by another name since often their characteristics are slightly different; the proportions of the impacting object are larger.
Crater of Diamonds is an ancient volcanic crater that contains diamonds in its rocks.
Alcatzervater Crater
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Beethoven is a crater at latitude 20°S, longitude 124°W on Mercury. It is 643 km in diameter and was named after Ludwig van Beethoven.[1][note 1] It is the eleventh largest named impact crater in the Solar System and the third largest on Mercury.