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There are several types of nuclear transformation:

  1. Alpha decay causes the ejection of a Helium Nucleus.
  2. Beta decay causes the ejection of an electron and a neutrino while one neutron in the nucleus becomes a proton.
  3. Gamma decay causes the ejection of a very high energy photon.
  4. Fission causes a massive nucleus to split into two smaller ones, usually about 1/3s and 2/3s the mass of the original nucleus, and a few neutrons. Some isotopes of elements that fission can fission spontaneously, some can't. In those isotopes that can't fission spontaneously, fission is triggered by neutron capture.
  5. Fusion causes light nuclei to merge into heavier ones. This only happens at very high temperature and pressure.
  6. Capture causes a nucleus to absorb another particle, usually a neutron, and transmute into a different isotope or element. Capture is usually followed by one of the types of decay.
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