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This is a very basic overview of what is happening. The laser cavity is filled with gas, most commonly He-Ne. Then a flash lamp acts as the pump that energizes the He-Ne by making the valence electrons of the atoms goes to a higher (less stable) energy orbital. These electrons then de-energize by dropping back down to a lower orbital. This energy change then leads to the emission of a photon of light. Since all the atoms of the gas are doing this at the same time a pulse of light is emitted. This pulse of light is then reflected out of the laser cavity and collimated producing a laser beam.

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