There is no known cure for lissencephaly. Most individuals will die at an early age due to failure to thrive or infections such as pneumonia. Patients with milder forms such as double cortex syndrome may have mild retardation and seizures only
The prognosis for lissencephaly can vary significantly depending on the severity of the condition. Individuals with severe lissencephaly often have significant developmental delays, seizures, and may have a shortened lifespan. On the other hand, individuals with milder forms of lissencephaly may have better outcomes with less severe developmental delays and seizures. It is important to note that the prognosis can be highly individualized and is best discussed with a medical professional familiar with the specific case.
The prognosis for developmental apraxia of speech can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the individual's response to therapy. With early intervention and consistent speech therapy, many individuals with developmental apraxia of speech can make significant improvements in their speech abilities. Some may continue to have persistent difficulties with speech production, while others may outgrow the condition over time. Regular follow-up with a speech-language pathologist is recommended to monitor progress and provide ongoing support.
Some other words with the Greek root "gno" or "kno" include "gnosis" (knowledge), "agnostic" (one who believes knowledge of a higher power is unknown or unknowable), and "diagnose" (to identify a medical condition through analysis).
Candidates for a stapedectomy are individuals with otosclerosis, a condition where abnormal bone growth in the middle ear causes hearing loss. They typically have conductive hearing loss, often unimproved by hearing aids, and show a good prognosis for surgery based on audiometric testing and medical evaluation. Additionally, they should have realistic expectations and be in overall good health for surgery.
Speech disorders refer to difficulties in producing or articulating sounds and words. They can range from mild dysfluencies, such as stuttering, to more severe impairments, such as apraxia of speech. Speech disorders can affect the clarity, rhythm, and speed of speech, making it challenging for individuals to communicate effectively. Treatment may involve speech therapy and other interventions to improve speech skills.
Expressive language disorder is a communication disorder where a person has difficulty expressing themselves through speech or writing. When it is developmental, it means the individual has had these difficulties since childhood, impacting their ability to communicate effectively and express their thoughts and ideas clearly. It can affect various aspects of life, such as social interactions, academic performance, and daily activities. Treatment often involves speech therapy to improve communication skills.
Type I lissencephaly is more common and comprises 43% of lissencephaly syndromes in some studies. Type II lissencephaly accounted for 14% of lissencephalies
Cobblestone lissencephaly is associated with abnormalities in fukutin, a gene responsible for Fukuyama muscular dystrophy , a syndrome consisting of muscle weakness and cobblestone lissencephaly.
Type II, or "cobblestone" lissencephaly, is characterized by a bumpy appearance of the abnormal surface of the brain. The cortex in Type II lissencephaly is completely abnormal and there are no distinguishable layers
Type I, also known as classical lissencephaly, is distinguished by the smooth surface of the cerebral cortex and an abnormal four-layered cortex. Classical lissencephaly can be associated with abnormalities of the rest of the brain
The first gene causing lissencephaly, LIS1, was identified in patients with Miller-Dieker syndrome, a genetic syndrome caused by deletions of chromosome 17 that is a combination of lissencephaly and other facial deformities
In lissencephaly or agyria, neuronal migration fails globally, causing the brain to appear completely smooth and have abnormal layering in the cortex.
Due to developmental disability, children with lissencephaly who survive beyond the age of two may benefit from special education programs
Lissencephaly is part of a spectrum of brain malformations, which are referred to as the agyriapachygyria-band spectrum and are caused by abnormalities in neuronal migration, a critical process in brain development
Lissencephaly was first described by Owen in 1868 and means "smooth brain," which describes the gross appearance of the brain. Microscopically, the brain appears abnormally thick and disorganized
Lissencephaly is a neurological disorder of early brain development that leads to the gross appearance of a smooth brain. The malformed brain lacks the characteristic convolutions of the normal cerebral cortex and is abnormally thick
Management of lissencephaly usually involves a pediatrician, pediatric neurologist , and physical therapists. A geneticist may be involved to provide counseling and advice about family planning
Treatment of individuals with lissencephaly depends on the manifesting symptoms. Patients may need anticonvulsant drug therapy for treatment of seizures. Muscle relaxants may be used for symptoms of increased tone