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What is the relationship between conomy and business performances?
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What is the major agricultural economy for the US?
what is the main agriculturale conomy for the us
Can you craft in tf2 360?
No, because the 360 isn't updated to the Mann Conomy update.
How can cooperatives exist in each of the four economic systems?
traditional economic system: this is an economic system based on culture and tradition. E conomy is based on agriculture and hunting.In such a system cooperatives are formed to provide agricultural inputs,educate members on better farming methods and market the members' farm produce since the economy is based on agriculture and hunting.
How did the Han Dynasty strenghen China?
The Han Dynasty fell because of: • Invaders from the northern part of China. • Political smuggles. • The rich and poor gap. • Social problems. • Food shortages. • Floods/droughts
What is the SAT score required to get into Stanford?
Average SAT Scores:1871 Total , out of 2400Those who attend: (4,725 out of 23,183 admitted)HAD: 3.84 mean GPA; 1782 mean SAT score; 35% had GPA's of 4.0 and above.(Freshman undergraduates, 07-08)GPA: (UC/Weighted?)4.03; probably UC GPA (8-course AP/Honors Cap/Limit included)SOURCE: http://www.admissions.ucsb.edu/QuickFacts.asp
What is the major economy of Washington D.C.?
The following is taken directly from the Washington DC City Guide on Answers.comMajor Industries and Commercial ActivityA 2004 report by the D.C. Chamber of Commerce characterized the local economy as diversifying and growing, though still narrowly specialized and externally driven. The Washington area ranks first among all national metropolitan areas in federal procurement dollars. Taking advantage of that influx of capital, as well as the city's advantage as the center of all national capital functions, will be key to the D.C. area's future economic vitality and job growth. The Washington area is expected to achieve a 58 percent increase (inflation adjusted) in its economic activity between 2000 and 2015, with the job base growing 29 percent and the resident population increasing 21 percent. Key sectors driving the economy will continue to be the federal government, technology, construction, international business, and hospitality. Manufacturing has never been a strong suit; only 3.9 percent of area jobs were in manufacturing, and that figure is expected to fall to 2.8 percent by 2015.Indeed, people often think of Washington, D.C. as a "company town" where most people work for the federal government. However, in the early http://www.answers.com/topic/twenty-first-1 century, only one of six workers in the area was on the government payroll. That figure is down from one in four in 1977. By contrast, there has been a great deal of growth in the private service sector, which now accounts for one of every three jobs. Still, many of these employees work for companies who rely on government contracts. As the largest consumer of technological equipment and service in the world, the federal government stimulates business through purchases, research and development funding, and grant and loan programs. As a result, Washington is a magnet for growth industries, such as paper products, telecommunications, information and computer firms, and many service industries, especially tourism and hospitality firms. Nearly 50 of the major Fortune 500 companies have offices in the district, which is also the location of leading world, national, and regional financial institutions.There are more than 500 publishing and printing companies in the district to produce the vast array of documents generated by the federal government. In addition, the city houses more than 1,000 national associations' headquarters and lobby groups who need a presence in the district to attempt to shape and influence the legislation process on their own behalf.The Capital City has an inventory of nearly 100 million square feet of office space. A key to office development has been the growth of the http://www.answers.com/topic/capital-metrorail subway stations. Commercial projects have typically followed the opening of new subway stops. Many of the new buildings are connected directly to the stations through underground tunnels that also serve retail stores and restaurants. Major residential projects on Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. and at Market Square include residential housing units mixed with other types of retail, office, and commercial uses.Items and goods produced: printed and published documents; telecommunications equipmentIncentive Programs-New and Existing CompaniesLocal programsBecause of its recent economic resurgence, Washington, D.C. can offer numerous financial incentives to attract and retain businesses and associations. The New E-conomy Transformation Act of 2000 (NET 2000), effective January 1, 2001, provides certain credits, exemptions and other benefits for a Qualified High Technology Company. These incentives include resources to develop their workforce, secure affordable facilities for their business and benefit from reduced real estate, personal property, sales and income taxes.State programsFederal incentives designed to tap the investment and employment potential of the Enterprise Zone include three types of wage credits, an additional expensing allowance, a zero federal capital gains tax rate on certain investments and tax-exempt bond financing. The District's Revenue Bond Program offers below market interest rate loans to qualified private enterprises that are located in the Enterprise Zone as well as non-profit and manufacturing organizations http://www.answers.com/topic/citywide.Job training programsThe D.C. Department of Employment Services contracts with private companies to provide customized training programs through the D.C. Private Industry Council, the federal Workforce Investment Act (WIA) (formerly Job Training Partnership Act), the Youth Employment Act, the Training and Retraining for Employment Program, the http://www.answers.com/topic/on-the-job-training-ojt program, and through the One-Stop Career Center approach now in effect in several states and supported in part by the Department of Labor. Contracts have encompassed such areas as shop training, technical training, basic education areas, office skills, legal research, food service, tourism, art-related occupations, industrial maintenance, mail handling, bank tellering, health care, child care, truck driving, construction industry retraining, and brick and masonry training.Development ProjectsThe $650 million Washington Convention Center opened in 2004 to rave reviews for its design and state-of-the-art facilities. With more than 700,000 square feet of convention space, the Center had more than one million visitors in its first year and generated $426 million in local delegate spending. It was also named Best New Convention Center by Meetings East magazine. The new center also made way for further downtown development by making the older facility redundant-it was imploded in 2004. In Dec. 2004, D.C. and Major League Baseball agreed to a financing package for a $400 million publicly financed baseball stadium to allow the former Montreal Expos (now the Washington Nationals) to move to D.C. Play at the new stadium, to be located at South Capitol and N Streets, SE, is projected to begin in 2008. Until that time, the Nationals will play at existing RFK Stadium, former home of the Washington Redskins.Economic Development Information: Director, Washington, D.C. Marketing Center, D.C. Chamber of Commerce, 1710 H. Street, NW, 11th Floor, Washington, D.C. 20006; telephone (202)638-7333; fax (202)833-2693; http://www.answers.com/topic/e-mail dchristian@dcchamber.orgCommercial ShippingRonald Reagan Washington National Airport, Dulles International Airport, and http://www.answers.com/topic/baltimore-washington-international-thurgood-marshall-airport handle the bulk of air freight in the area. For shipping, Washington, D.C. has its own port at the http://www.answers.com/topic/anacostia and Potomac Rivers but mainly utilizes larger port facilities in Baltimore, Maryland, and in both http://www.answers.com/topic/alexandria and http://www.answers.com/topic/norfolk, Virginia.Labor Force and Employment OutlookThe D.C. Department of Labor Services issued a report identifying high demand and emerging occupations for the years 2000-2010. Key white collar sectors included business management and financial services, lawyers, computer and technical specialists, and public relations. Blue collar and non-skilled growth areas include office clerks, secretaries, legal secretaries, laborers and movers, janitors and food service workers, and police officers. While government employment continues to shrink due to downsizing and streamlining, private-sector jobs have increased dramatically in the last decade, especially in the services sector. All sectors of the hospitality industry, the city's second strongest industry after the federal government, have reported strong growth due to the city's high number of tourists and travelers on government business. The new Convention Center, opened in 2004, will likely attract a vigorous convention business and stimulate new hotels, restaurants, and spending downtown.The following is a summary of data regarding the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area labor force for December 2004 (annual average figures unavailable).Size of nonagricultural labor force: 673,800Number of workers employed in . . . construction and mining: 12,000manufacturing: 2,500trade, transportation, and utilities: 28,800information: 23,100financial activities: 30,400professional and business services: 143,800educational and health services: 93,700leisure and hospitality: 51,800other services: 59,200government: 230,900Average hourly earnings of production workers employed in manufacturing: $16.73Unemployment rate: 8.8% (December 2004)Largest employers ranked by number of employees (2002):George Washington University, Howard University, Washington Hospital Center, Georgetown University, Georgetown University Hospital, Children's National Medical Center, Fannie Mae, Howard University Hospital, American University.Cost of LivingA 2004 ACCRA study cited Washington, D.C. as the third highest metropolitan area in terms of cost of living in the United States, behind only New York and Los Angeles. Housing costs in Washington, D.C. are higher than U.S. averages due primarily to the fact that approximately two-thirds of all land is either owned or controlled by the federal government, foreign embassies, and other non-profit organizations, which renders that land and property tax-exempt. Housing prices range from $90,000 to well over $1 million. The cost of living for food and other essentials is more in line with nationwide standards. The city levies a 10 percent sales tax on restaurant meals, 14.5 percent tax on hotel rooms, and a 12 percent tax on motor vehicle parking in private garages.The following is a summary of data regarding several key cost of living factors for the Washington, D.C. area.2004 (3rd Quarter) ACCRA Average House Price:$505,4282004 (3rd Quarter) ACCRA Cost of Living Index: 140.0 (U.S. average = 100.0)Local income tax rate: Ranges from 5.0% to 9.5%Local sales tax rate: 5.75%Property tax rate: $0.96 per $100 of assessed http://www.answers.com/topic/valuation; assessed at 100% (2005)Economic Information: Washington, D.C. Marketing Center, D.C. Chamber of Commerce, 1710 H. Street, NW, 11th Floor, Washington, D.C. 20006; telephone (202)638-7333; fax (202)833-2693; email dchristian@dcchamber.org
How are the laws made in Spain?
Spain's new data law has several deficienciesA report by Javier Fernández-SamaniegoSPAIN'S NEW DATA PROTECTION LAW entered into force on 14th January after a long Parliamentary debate. The new law does not solve all the problems posed by the 1992 Act, and implements the EU Data Protection Directive inadequately, writes Javier Fernández-Samaniego.On 14th January 2000, Organic Law 15/1999 of 13th December on Personal Data Protection (hereinafter the LOPD) entered into force in Spain, repealing Organic Law 5/1992, of 29 October, which governed the automated processing of personal data (known as the LORTAD).The passing of this new law has again given rise to debate in Spain about the proper balance between the protection of the privacy of citizens and the legitimate interests of all those who require personal data in order to engage in their activities in the new "e-conomy". Unfortunately, since it does not seem that Spain's new law is going to ensure the balance of the interests involved required by Directive 95/46/EC, in our opinion, a valuable opportunity to improve and rectify the deficiencies in the LORTAD of 1992 has been missed.WHY A NEW LAW INSTEAD OF AN AMENDMENT TO THE 1992 ACT?The parliamentary progress of the new law has been a highly questionable legal soap opera. It started in August 1998, when the Government submitted to Parliament a draft law amending the LORTAD in which, after acknowledging that the LORTAD largely complied with the requirements of Directive 95/46/EC, certain amendments were proposed. However, faced with 114 amendments proposed to the initial draft, the members of the Lower House entrusted with the task of drawing up the report on the draft law, decided to propose a completely new text repealing the previous law. After a lengthy controversial parliamentary procedure, the Lower House approved the wording of the new law at the end of November 1999.The new law contains no Preamble explaining the reasons for its enactment, although the LORTAD had been passed only seven years earlier. It does not even bother to mention Directive 95/46/EC (as required by Art. 32.1 of the Directive), the implementation of which is the "rationale" for the enactment of this legislation.The reason for the enactment of the new law is certainly not the implementation of the requirements of the Directive. The new law reflects the "trauma" caused by the application of the LORTAD of 1992 and an - unfortunately unsuccessful - attempt to solve all the problems caused by that law. In this sense the new law is the result of the lobbying by all of the business sectors affected by the 1992 law (marketing firms, credit bureaus, financial and insurance institutions), of the peculiar features of the Spanish system of regional government and, finally, of the Parliamentary agreements required by a Government, which did not then have the majority in the Houses of Parliament to pass this law.Unfortunately, having analysed the provisions of the new law, we do not believe that the difficulties posed by the 1992 law will be overcome. However, we move on to specify below the aspects of the new law, which will probably be of most interest to readers.SCOPE OF THE LAW WIDER THAN BEFOREThe scope of the new law is extended to all data files, whether or not computerised. Like Art. 32.2 of the Directive, the First Additional Provision of the LOPD establishes a 12-month period within which manual files and processing must be brought into conformity with the requirements of the new law.Art. 2.1 defines more clearly the territorial scope of the law by establishing, for example, that the Spanish law will regulate processing where "the controller not established in Spanish territory is subject to Spanish legislation by virtue of the rules of Public International Law" and where "the controller is not established in the territory of the European Union and uses for the purpose of processing data equipment situated in Spanish territory, unless such equipment is used only for purposes of transit."THE LAW INTRODUCES THE CONCEPT OF THE "PROCESSOR"Although the 1992 law contained the concept of the "controller", the new law introduces the concept of the "processor" which is defined in the same way as in Art. 2.e) of Directive 95/46/EC. It should be borne in mind that the "processor" must adopt the security measures, which may be required of him and may be held liable and penalised by the Data Protection Agency. Up to now, penalties could only be imposed on "controllers".NEW DEFINITION OF "SOURCES ACCESSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC"In the Spanish system one of the exceptions to the general principle of "consent" required for the processing of data is the situation where the data appears in sources accessible to the public.In contrast to the definition of sources accessible to the public, which existed in Spain in the form of an unrestricted list of examples, the new Law limits "sources accessible to the public" exclusively to the "promotional census", to which we refer later, telephone directories, lists of registered professionals, official journals and gazettes, and the media.The fact that, under the new law, the sources accessible to the public will become a closed category will pose considerable problems. This applies especially to companies in the marketing and advertising sectors, which, in order to carry on their activities, must use data appearing in sources accessible to the public, or data furnished by the data subjects themselves, or data obtained with their consent.PRINCIPLES OF DATA PROTECTIONPart II of the Spanish law (Articles 4 to 12) is devoted to the so-called "principles of data protection." The following are the most notable changes introduced by this part of the law.1. The new law, more in keeping with the provisions of Art. 6.1.b) of the Directive, provides that data processed may not be used for purposes "incompatible" (the 1992 law referred to "different" purposes) with those for which the data had been collected. We are sure that this change in the "principle of purpose" will solve many practical problems which have arisen up to now.2. Art. 5.4 of the LOPD regulates in the same way as Art. 11 of the Directive the right to information where the data was not obtained from the data subject.3. The "right to object" regulated by Article 14 of the Directive is included in the Spanish legislation in a rather inadequate manner, since a separate article is not devoted to it, but it is included in the article regulating the "principle of consent" and the exceptions to this principle.4. Article 7 of the LOPD, unlike the 1992 Law, includes among the socalled "specifically protected data" that relating to trade union membership, thus complying with the provisions of Article 8 of the Directive.5. Finally, a new Article 12 (access to data on behalf of third parties) is introduced. The predecessor of this article was Art. 27 of the 1992 law. The new Article 12 is based on Articles 17.3 and 17.4 of the Directive, according to which access to the data of a third party, where such access is necessary for the provision of a service for the controller, is not considered a disclosure of data. This article will solve many problems raised by the provision of outsourcing services.Despite the considerable criticism attracted by the different rules existing for public and private files under the LORTAD (for which no justification is to be found in the Directive), the new law continues to maintain this distinction which, among other things, gives rise to a different and, in our opinion unjustified, system of penalties: infringements committed by the controllers of public files are not necessarily punished by fines.INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS OF DATAThe new law, like the 1992 law, states that in order to carry out a temporary or final transfer of data to countries which do not provide a level of protection comparable to that provided by the Spanish law, the requirements imposed by the law must be observed, and prior "authorisation" of the Director of the Data Protection Agency must also be obtained.However, unlike the 1992 law, Articles 33 and 34 of the LOPD improve the regulation of international transfers of data and implement the rules established by Articles 25 and 26 of the Directive.Unlike the obscure rules which existed in relation to transfers of data to other countries of the European Union, the new Art. 34 k) rightly provides that it is not necessary to obtain the prior authorisation of the Director of the Data Protection Agency "where the transfer is made to a Member State of the European Union, or to a State declared by the Commission of the European Communities, pursuant to its powers, as ensuring an adequate level of protection."In the light of the provisions of the Directive and of the rules of the Treaty of Rome, it is clear that a transfer of data between Madrid and Barcelona must be treated in the same way as a transfer of data between Madrid and London. Therefore, the only preventive measure to be adopted before engaging in this type of operations between countries of the European Union will be the observance of the general rules on "communication or disclosure of data" established by Article 11 of the LOPD.The problem continues to arise with international transfers of data to the United States, which at present does not provide a level of protection comparable to that existing in Spain. In fact, most of the applications for prior authorisation of international transfers of data considered by the Data Protection Agency have related to transfers of data to the USA.THE DATA PROTECTION AGENCYThe Spanish supervisory authority (Art. 28 of the Directive) is the Data Protection Agency, which was established by the 1992 law. It is an institution enjoying full independence of the Public Administration, and acts as controller and supervisor of the application of the law and has powers to investigate and impose penalties. The Agency is managed and represented by a Director, who has extensive powers.It would have been desirable, as demanded by various groups, for the new law to have taken the opportunity to make the Data Protection Agency a collective body (similar, for example, to that of the Spanish Competition Court, which is formed by a Chairman and eight Members). This would have ended the concentration of power in the hands of a single person, the Director.This is one example of a missed opportunity in terms of the new law. New decision-making models requiring opinions of other persons could have been adopted.INFRINGEMENTS AND PENALTIESThis is another of the aspects of the new law where advantage was not taken of the opportunity to rectify the errors contained in the LORTAD of 1992. The new law introduces certain amendments such as the application of the system of liability not only to controllers but also to processors. Another improvement is the more effective classification of certain infringements.However, we consider that this is another example of a "missed opportunity" in the new law, since it maintains the system of totally disproportionate and excessive fines. Minor infringements are still punished by fines of between 100,000 and 10,000,000 pesetas (601 to 60,100 euros), serious infringements by fines of between 10,000,000 and 50,000,000 pesetas (60,100 to 300,500 euros) and very serious infringements by fines of between 50,000,000 and 100,000,000 pesetas (300,500 to 601 000 euros).The disproportionate amount of these fines makes Spain the country with the most stringent system of penalties in the entire European Union and, in our opinion, places Spanish companies at an unfair disadvantage compared with their European competitors. In fact, such excessive fines are contrary to the spirit of the Directive, which lists among its objectives the elimination of barriers to intra-Community business activities.OTHER CHANGES IN THE NEW LAWFinally, we wish to mention another of the major changes made by the law, namely the creation by Article 31 of the so-called "promotional census". The "promotional census", the result of lobbying by the marketing and advertising sector, will be drawn up and commercialised by the National Statistics Institute. It will contain data appearing in the electoral register, namely the names, surnames and addresses of citizens who do not object to being included in this promotional census.With the creation of the new "promotional census," marketing firms can engage in their lawful activities, and citizens who do not wish to appear in this census can opt-out. The promotional census will resolve the contradiction between the Spanish Retail Trade Law and the Electoral Law. The former considered names, surnames and addresses appearing in the electoral register to be "public" data that could be used by marketing firms without having to seek citizens' consent. However, the Electoral Law considered such data to be confidential. Up to now, the Data Protection Agency had adopted the view that penalties were to be imposed on marketing firms, which used such data drawn from the electoral register.Another noteworthy change is the amendment of the Private Insurance Law included in the Sixth Additional Provision of the LOPD, whereby, among other things, insurance companies may establish common files for the purpose of preventing insurance fraud without the consent of data subjects.CONCLUSIONSAs mentioned at the beginning of this report, in order to incorporate the requirements of Directive 95/46/EC into Spanish law, it would have been sufficient to amend the LORTAD of 1992. The decision to enact a new law was adopted for the purpose of overcoming all the problems, which had been caused by the application of the LORTAD. This, however, has not been achieved by the new LOPD.Among other matters, the new Spanish LOPD has wasted the opportunity to eliminate the unjustified distinction between the legal rules governing public and private files (not envisaged in the Directive). It has also failed to reform the Data Protection Agency into a collective body, thus avoiding the concentration of power in the hands of the Director. Lastly, it has failed to amend the disproportionate amount of the fines for infringements of the law, which are the highest in the European Union (reaching up to 100,000,000 pesetas or 601,000 euros).
