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What is the role of stack in calling a subroutine and returning from the subroutine?
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What is role of stack in calling a subroutine and returning from the routine?
The stack has many purposes, but is chiefly used to enable procedure calls. When you invoke a function, the return address (the next instruction after the function call) is pushed onto the stack. Control is then passed to the function. When the called function returns, it pops the return address off the stack and control is returned to that address. In this way functions can call functions without losing track of where the calls came from because return addresses are popped in the reverse order they were pushed. In other words, it provides an automatic "breadcrumb trail" without which it would be impossible to call and return from functions. The stack is also used to pass actual arguments to functions by pushing values onto the stack immediately after the return address. The called function can then pop those values off the stack and assign them to its formal arguments. Finally, the stack is used to store the function's local variables prior to calling a function. These are pushed onto the stack before the return address is pushed. In this way, a function can call itself recursively without losing track of its own local variables. Since invoking and returning from functions is a time-consuming operation, compilers will try to expand functions inline and thus eliminate the overhead of the function call. However, this needs to be weighed against the increased code size which can affect overall performance. By keeping functions small (one or two very simple statements), programs not only become much easier to read and maintain, there's also a much greater opportunity for inline expansion. Complex functions are never good examples for inline expansion.
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